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CCTV4 national treasure archives news, China’s ancestors made our descendants proud and surprised the world. Everyone knows the four great inventions, but you may not know how many worlds were the best in ancient China …

1. The earliest planting of rice and millet.

As early as 7,000 to 5,000 years ago, during the matriarchal clan commune, rice and millet had been planted in China.

2, the earliest invention of sericulture and silk weaving.

As early as four or five thousand years ago, during the patriarchal clan commune, China began to raise silkworms for reeling, and the prevention and control technology made new progress.

3. Paint has the longest history.

Red lacquer bowls were unearthed at Hemudu site in primitive society. Lacquerware manufacturing in Shang and Zhou Dynasties has reached a high level.

4, the use of words, the longest circulation time.

Chinese characters are still the only ancient characters widely used in the world. Chinese characters came into being from the end of primitive society to the early slave society, and by the time of Shang Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions had become a relatively mature character.

5, the longest date method

As the greatest achievement of the calendar of Shang Dynasty, the method of keeping the date of the year by the cadres and branches is the longest one in the world.

6, the earliest recorded solar eclipse and lunar eclipse.

Records of early solar and lunar eclipses in China are kept in the relevant historical materials of Xia Dynasty and Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty. This is also the earliest existing record in the world.

7, the earliest invention of cast iron softening technology.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the softening treatment technology of cast iron created by our people was more than two thousand years earlier than that in Europe.

8. The earliest record of Halley’s comet.

The Spring and Autumn Annals records that in 613 BC, "a star entered the Beidou", which is recognized as the first exact record of Halley’s comet in the world, more than 600 years earlier than in Europe.

9, the earliest establishment of the 19-year seven-leap calendar.

The legislation in the Spring and Autumn Period has formed a fixed system, basically establishing the principle of seven leaps in nineteen years, 160 years earlier than in the West.

10. The earliest astronomical works

During the Warring States Period, Gan De, a Chu man, and Shi Shen, a Wei man, each wrote an astronomical work, which was later collectively called Gan Shi Xing Jing, which contained rich astronomical records.

11, the earliest use of plows

In the Western Han Dynasty, plow walls were installed on plows, which was more than 1000 years earlier than in Europe.

12. The earliest sunspot record

The Five Elements Records in Hanshu states: "In the first year of Emperor Heping of the Han Dynasty (28 BC), March was over (18th), and the sun was yellow, with black gas as big as money, and it lived in the center of Japan." This record about sunspots in the Western Han Dynasty is recognized by the world as the earliest record about sunspots.

13. The most advanced applied mathematics

Nine Chapters Arithmetic, a mathematical monograph written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, introduced many arithmetic propositions and their solutions in nine chapters. It was the most advanced applied mathematics in the world at that time, marking the formation of a complete system of ancient mathematics in China.

14, the earliest seismograph to determine the earthquake orientation.

The seismograph invented and manufactured by Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, can remotely measure the direction of earthquakes thousands of miles away, more than 1,700 years before Europeans made it.

15, the earliest invention of anesthetics

Hua Tuo, a "magical doctor" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, extracted and made hemp boiling powder from plants, which was suitable for surgery, more than 1,600 years earlier than in the West.

16. The earliest invention of papermaking

There was paper in the early Western Han Dynasty, and the paper with maps unearthed in Fangmatan, Tianshui, Gansu Province is the earliest known paper in the world. In 105 AD, Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty improved papermaking and made cheap and easy-to-write paper. And the raw materials are easy to get, so it is called "Cai Hou Paper".

17, the earliest accurate calculation of pi.

Liu Wei, a mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties, put forward a correct method to calculate pi by using limit theory. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties accurately calculated pi between 3.1415926 and 301415927, which was nearly a thousand years earlier than that of foreign countries.

18. The longest and earliest canal

From 605 to 610, Emperor Yangdi dug the Grand Canal with Luoyang as the center, connecting Zhuojun (now Beijing) in the north and Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south, which is the earliest and longest Grand Canal in the world.

19. The largest seagoing ship

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China was able to build the largest seagoing ship in the world at that time. When passing through the Persian Gulf, it had to change boats, so it was known as the "overlord of the sea".

20. The earliest bank

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the counters specialized in the deposit and lending of money, which was the earliest prototype of banks in China, six or seven hundred years earlier than the financial institutions in Europe.

21, the earliest invention of printing

When Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was in the reign of Emperor Wen, he "abandoned the image and left the classics, and ordered them to be carved, which was the beginning of printing books". During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were carved Buddhist calendars and books. The Diamond Sutra, which was printed in 868 in the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest block printing with exact date in the world. In the middle of the 11th century, Bi Sheng, a commoner in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing, more than four centuries before Europeans.

22, the earliest invention of gunpowder and its application in the military.

In the books of the mid-Tang dynasty, the formula of gunpowder has been made. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military, and the rocket was the earliest gunpowder weapon. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the tubular firearm "musket" was invented, which was the earliest primitive rifle in the world and created a new stage in the history of human warfare.

23, the earliest measurement of meridian length and the earliest discovery of star movement.

An outstanding astronomer in the Tang Dynasty, Monk and his party, were the founders of measuring the meridian length of the earth by scientific methods in the world, about 90 years earlier than foreign countries. Monks and his party also created a zodiac travel instrument to observe the position and movement of the sun, moon and five stars. Through observation, a line found the phenomenon of star position movement. This is nearly a thousand years before the British astronomer Harley put forward the idea of stars’ self-motion in 1718.

24, the earliest pharmacopoeia issued by the state.

Tang Materia Medica, edited by Tang Gaozong, is the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world and issued by the state.

25. The oldest ancient arch bridge

Zhao Zhouqiao designed and built by Li Chun, a craftsman of Sui Dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.

26. The biggest art treasure house

Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is one of the largest art treasures in the world, with more than 1000 caves, in which statues of Buddha with different expressions are shaped and murals with golden walls are painted. Among them, caves in the Sui and Tang Dynasties accounted for 67/10.

27. The compass was first invented and applied to navigation.

During the Warring States period, people used the characteristics of magnet guide ratio to make a guide tool-Sina. After constant transformation, Sina made a compass in the Song Dynasty, and it was first used in navigation. Compass has been widely used in navigation traffic in Song Dynasty.

In the 13th century, the compass was introduced to Arab and European countries. Compass is used in navigation, which has greatly promoted the exchange and development of world economy and culture. At the same time, it also provided important conditions for European navigation to discover America and realize global navigation.

28. Determine the annual cycle at the earliest.

Guo Shoujing was an outstanding astronomer in the Yuan Dynasty. He presided over the compilation of the Chronology Calendar. The period of one year was basically the same as the current Gregorian calendar, but the current Gregorian calendar was 300 years earlier.

29. The earliest ocean voyage

From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He made seven voyages, visited more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa, and reached the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa as far as possible. Its scale, duration and voyage are unprecedented in the history of world navigation. He was more than half a century earlier than the ocean voyage of European navigators.

30. The earliest description of limestone dissolution landform.

In Xu Xiake’s Travels, a geographer of Ming Dynasty, the observation and description of limestone dissolution landform was about two centuries earlier than that in Europe.

31, the earliest discussion of beriberi.

Sun Simiao, a medical doctor in the Tang Dynasty, recorded in Qian Jin Fang that almond, Evodia rutaecarpa, Sichuan pepper and chaff containing a large amount of vitamin B could be used to treat and prevent beriberi, which was very advanced at that time. It is almost a thousand years earlier than the first discussion of beriberi in Europe.

32. The earliest use of paper money

"Jiaozi" was created in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was the beginning of the use of paper money in China and the earliest paper money in the world.

33, the earliest discovery of geomagnetic declination

Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, discovered the phenomenon that the magnetic needle points due south and slightly east, which is the earliest record of geomagnetic declination, more than 400 years earlier than that in Europe.

Original title: Culture | The 33 greatest inventions in the world in ancient China are amazing!

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In order to strengthen the supervision and management of medical device recall and effectively promote the implementation of the main responsibility of enterprise recall, according to the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations), the State Food and Drug Administration has formulated and promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Medical Device Recall (hereinafter referred to as the Measures). The Measures will be implemented on May 1, 2017, and the relevant contents are now interpreted as follows:

I. Why should the Measures be revised?

As a special commodity, medical devices play an important and irreplaceable role in improving people’s health and quality of life. The safety and effectiveness of medical devices is directly related to people’s health and social harmony and stability, and is a major livelihood and public safety issue. If the listed products are defective and cannot be recalled and controlled in time, it may endanger the health and safety of consumers. Therefore, the establishment and implementation of the recall system of medical device products by the state plays an important role in controlling the risks of defective medical device products after listing, eliminating potential safety hazards of devices and protecting public safety. The practice in other countries and other fields also shows that the recall system is a powerful guarantee to safeguard the safety and rights of consumers. Based on the importance of the medical device recall system, in order to strengthen the supervision and management of the recall-related work, in 2011, the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China issued the Administrative Measures for Medical Device Recall (Trial) (Order No.82), which came into effect on July 1, 2011. The publication and implementation of the "Measures (for Trial Implementation)" provides legal guarantee for timely controlling the risks of medical devices after listing and protecting the safety of public equipment. The implementation of medical device recall system is not only an effective method to control the risk of medical devices, promote the progress of production technology and improve product design, but also an important measure to promote production enterprises to improve product quality awareness and standardize market competition order.

The newly revised Regulations in 2014 included the recall system, which also became a highlight of the new version of the Regulations. In order to further strengthen the management of medical device recall, according to the requirements of the Regulations, on the basis of full investigation of recall systems at home and abroad in the early stage, combined with China’s national conditions and practice, and after soliciting opinions from all parties, the "Measures (Trial)" version was repeatedly discussed and revised, and the "Measures" was revised.

2. What are the main contents stipulated in the Measures?

(1) What is the definition of medical device recall?

The recall of medical devices mentioned in the Measures refers to the actions taken by medical device manufacturers to deal with the defective medical device products of a certain category, model or batch that they have sold on the market according to the prescribed procedures, such as warning, inspection, repair, re-labeling, modification and improvement of instructions, software update, replacement, recovery and destruction.

(2) What are the recall obligations of medical device manufacturers?

Medical device manufacturers are responsible for the quality and safety of their medical devices. We should establish and improve the management system of medical device recall in accordance with the provisions of the Measures, collect information related to the safety of medical devices, investigate and evaluate possible defective products, and recall defective products in time.

The agent designated by the overseas manufacturer of imported medical devices in China shall report the relevant information about the recall of medical devices only abroad to china food and drug administration in time; Where the recall is carried out in China, the designated agent in China shall organize the implementation in accordance with the provisions of the Measures.

(3) What are the recall obligations of medical device enterprises and users?

Medical device enterprises and users shall actively assist medical device manufacturers to investigate and evaluate defective products, actively cooperate with the manufacturers to fulfill the recall obligations, timely convey and feedback the recall information of medical devices according to the recall plan, and control and recover the defective products.

(4) What are the categories of medical device recalls?

According to the different starting conditions of medical device recall, medical device recall can be divided into active recall and ordered recall.

Voluntary recall is a legal obligation of medical device manufacturers to evaluate the quality of medical device products according to relevant requirements or information such as product adverse events, and to determine the defects of medical device products, which are voluntarily implemented by the manufacturers. Ordered recall refers to the recall of medical devices by the food and drug supervision and administration department after investigation and evaluation, which believes that medical device manufacturers should recall defective medical device products without taking the initiative to recall them. In practice, enterprises should take the initiative to recall, supplemented by government departments ordering recalls.

(5) What are the levels of medical device recall?

According to the severity of medical device defects, medical device recalls are divided into:

(1) First-class recall: the use of the medical device may or has caused serious health hazards;

(2) Secondary recall: the use of the medical device may or has caused temporary or reversible health hazards;

(3) Three-level recall: it is less likely that the medical device will cause harm, but it still needs to be recalled.

Medical device manufacturers should determine the recall level according to the specific situation and scientifically design the recall plan and organize its implementation according to the recall level and the sales and use of medical devices.

If a medical device manufacturer makes a decision on medical device recall, the first-level recall shall be within 1 day, the second-level recall shall be within 3 days, and the third-level recall shall be within 7 days, and the relevant medical device business enterprises, users or users shall be notified.

The recall notice shall at least include the following contents:

(1) Recall the basic information such as the name and batch number of medical devices;

(2) the reasons for the recall;

(3) requirements for recall, such as immediately suspending the sale and use of the product, forwarding the recall notice to relevant operating enterprises or users, etc.;

(four) the way to deal with the recalled medical devices.

(six) how to punish medical device manufacturers for refusing to recall medical devices?

Medical device manufacturing enterprises, in violation of the provisions of Article 24 of the Measures, refuse to recall medical devices. According to the provisions of Article 66 of the Regulations, the food and drug supervision and administration department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall order them to make corrections and confiscate the medical devices illegally produced, operated or used; If the value of medical devices illegally produced, operated or used is less than 10,000 yuan, a fine ranging from 20,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan shall be imposed; If the value of the goods is more than 10,000 yuan, a fine of more than 5 times and less than 10 times the value of the goods shall be imposed; If the circumstances are serious, it shall be ordered to stop production and business until the original issuing department revokes the registration certificate, production license and business license of medical devices.

(seven) how to punish the medical device operating enterprises and users who refuse to cooperate with the medical device manufacturing enterprises to fulfill the recall responsibility?

Medical device enterprises and users who refuse to cooperate with the investigation of medical device defects or assist medical device manufacturers in recalling medical devices shall be given a warning and ordered to make corrections within a time limit; Those who refuse to make corrections within the time limit shall be fined up to 30,000 yuan.

3. What are the amendments to the Measures?

The Measures include six chapters and thirty-seven articles, including general principles, investigation and evaluation of medical device defects, voluntary recall, ordered recall, legal liability and supplementary provisions. The revision of the Measures retains the framework and main contents of the Measures (for Trial Implementation). According to the Regulations, the scope of recall and individual operating procedures are supplemented and adjusted, the main responsibility and legal responsibility of production enterprises are strengthened, and the punishment for violations of laws and regulations is intensified. The main amendments include:

(a) the implementation of the main responsibility of medical device recall. It is clear that the registrants or filers of domestic medical device products and the agents designated by overseas manufacturers of imported medical devices in China are the main bodies of medical device recall.

(2) The scope of application has been clarified. The Measures (for Trial Implementation) stipulates that "these Measures shall apply to the recall of medical devices sold in People’s Republic of China (PRC) and their supervision and management", and the Measures shall be amended as "the recall of listed medical devices in People’s Republic of China (PRC) and its supervision and management", which clarifies that all medical device products registered in China shall be implemented or reported in accordance with the requirements of these Measures.

(3) Adjusting the scope of defective products. The Measures (Trial) stipulates that "the recall of medical devices mentioned in these Measures refers to the behavior of medical device manufacturers to eliminate defects by warning, inspecting, repairing, relabeling, modifying and perfecting the instructions, upgrading the software, replacing, recalling and destroying a certain category, model or batch of products that have been sold in the market according to the prescribed procedures", "The defects mentioned in these Measures", It means that medical devices have unreasonable risks that may endanger human health and life safety under normal use, that is, the scope of recall is medical devices that have unreasonable risks that may endanger human health and life safety under normal use. According to the newly revised Regulations, the Measures expand the scope of defective products to "(1) products with unreasonable risks that may endanger human health and life safety under normal use; (two) products that do not meet the mandatory standards and the technical requirements of registered or filed products; (three) products that do not meet the relevant provisions of the quality management of medical device production and circulation, which may lead to unreasonable risks; (4) Other products that need to be recalled ".

(4) The content of defect assessment has been added. In response to the revision to expand the scope of defective products, the item "Does the product meet the mandatory standards, registered or filed product technical requirements" has been added in the main content of evaluating the defects of medical devices.

(5) The regulatory authorities that supervise the destruction of recalled products have been adjusted. The "Measures (Trial)" stipulates that "if it needs to be destroyed, it shall be destroyed under the supervision of the drug supervision and administration department at the place of destruction". But in practice, this method is not conducive to practical operation. At the same time, with the rapid development of information technology, the diversification of supervision methods is the general trend. Therefore, the "Measures" were amended as "Those that need to be destroyed shall be destroyed under the supervision of the food and drug supervision and administration department."

(6) Adjusted the requirements for notification of recall information. The "Measures (Trial)" stipulates that "the drug supervision and administration department shall review the report within 10 days from the date of receiving the summary report and evaluate the recall effect. The conclusion of the review and evaluation shall be notified to the medical device manufacturer in written form and copied to the health administrative department at the same level ". In practice, it is difficult to inform medical device manufacturers and health administrative departments at the same level in written form of review and evaluation conclusions. Therefore, the "Measures" cancel the requirement of notifying production enterprises in written form, and change the information notification to the health administrative department to "notify relevant information to the health administrative department at the same level when necessary".