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[Theme of this issue: Advancing the substantive reform of court trials]

The Prosecutor General takes the lead in handling cases, issues normative documents, and quantifies indicators to create expert talents

Guangzhou: Really Becoming a Leader in Proving Crime by Charges

Above: Guangzhou Procuratorate Holds National Top Ten Prosecutors Experience Exchange Symposium

Right: Guangzhou Procuratorate Prosecutor Ou Mingyu (right) appeared in court to prosecute Xie Mouqing’s intentional homicide case

Change the traditional sitting mode of case handling, from the 2D mode of written trial to the 3D judicial experience mode of visiting the crime scene, on-site investigation and review, direct contact with the parties, witnesses and experts;

Change the single proof method of oral reading of evidence, in addition to multimedia presentation of documentary evidence and display of the location of physical evidence extraction, it is also possible to present physical evidence such as crime tools on the spot, broadcast on-site surveillance video, and apply for identification personnel and investigators to testify in court.

Attach great importance to and participate in the pre-trial conference seriously, give full play to the functions of the pre-trial conference in deciding procedural matters, excluding illegal evidence, sorting out the focus of disputes, and determining the trial method, etc., identify facts and evidence problems early, and improve the effectiveness of the accusation of crimes……

At this year’s meeting of the procuratorial organs of Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, the Guangzhou Municipal Court once again made arrangements to promote the substantive reform of court trials. In recent years, in order to further promote the substantive reform of court trials, the Guangzhou procuratorial organs have accurately grasped the spirit of reform, actively adapted to reform requirements, timely updated judicial concepts, held many meetings to make arrangements for the substantive reform of court trials, and continuously enhanced the awareness of procedures and evidence, and strictly administered justice and fairness.

According to statistics, since 2019, the procuratorial organs of Guangzhou have intervened in 658 cases of various types in advance, supplemented 1,366 cases of investigation guidance and reasoning, supplemented 385 cases of investigation by themselves, used objective evidence to solve 98 major difficult and complex problems, listened to 1,251 opinions of lawyers, victims and their agents in person, prosecuted 677 missed crimes, prosecuted 564 missed crimes, issued 240 procuratorial suggestions, issued 201 notices to correct violations, applied for witnesses, experts, people with specialized knowledge, and investigators to appear in court 69 times, excluded illegal evidence 23 times, carried out various reform pilot tasks in an orderly manner, and the judicial credibility continued to improve. The reform effect gradually emerged.

Demonstration: The Procurator General takes the lead in handling cases and implements the substantive reform of court trials

This is a horrific murder: on June 29, 2018, Xie Mouqing, former dean of the School of Computer Science and Educational Software of Guangzhou University, suspected that he was suspended for investigation because of the report of Luo, director of the school’s science and technology department, and then ambushed Luo and his wife with a knife in the underground parking lot of the school’s administrative building, resulting in serious injuries. After the incident, the procuratorial organs also found that between 2013 and 2016, Xie Mouqing took advantage of his position to embezzle more than 168,000 of public property.

Considering the significant social impact of the case and the fact that it was the first criminal case handled by the Guangzhou Procuratorate after the transfer, which involved both violent crimes and duty-related crimes, Ou Mingyu, the chief prosecutor of the Guangzhou Procuratorate, took the initiative to take the lead in handling the case and appeared in court to support the prosecution in accordance with the requirements of "the evidence is presented in court, the facts of the case are found in court, the defense opinions are published in court, and the judgment results are formed in court."

On September 3, 2019, the trial of Xie Mouqing’s intentional homicide and corruption case began. At the scene of the trial, the prosecutor showed the knives used by the defendant in the murder, showed the hardness and sharpness of the knives, and refuted the defendant’s defense through physical evidence. He also used multimedia means to simultaneously display the on-site investigation and inspection records, photos of the murder scene and the body, and surveillance videos from different angles of the crime process, so that the evidence could speak, and truly restore the whole process of Xie Mouqing’s murder. He also invited experts to attend the trial and responded to the defense’s cross-examination opinions on the spot, revealing to the court Xie Mouqing’s determination to kill and the cruelty of his means.

Ou Mingyu, who appeared in court to support the prosecution, said generously: "We advocate respect for knowledge, respect for talents, and respect for life and law. Because everyone has only one life, and the law is the most powerful weapon to protect citizens’ rights to life, honor and social stability……"

In the end, the court adopted all the accusation opinions of the procuratorial organs, sentenced the defendant Xie Mouqing to death for intentional homicide, deprived of political rights for life, sentenced the defendant to two years in prison for corruption, and fined 100,000 yuan, decided to execute the death penalty, deprived of political rights for life, and fined 100,000 yuan.

The Procurator General took the lead in handling major, complex and difficult new types of cases, which can better handle cases into high-quality cases and typical cases, guide and guide prosecutors to carry forward the spirit of craftsmanship, and make each case into an iron case, so as to promote the professionalization and professionalization of the team. From 2019 to November 2020, leading cadres of the two levels of procuratorate in Guangzhou directly handled 34,398 cases, including 4,851 cases (2,840 difficult and complex cases) handled by hospital leaders and full-time members of the procuratorial committee, and 29,547 cases handled by business department heads.

Norms: 5 categories of normative documents provide guidance for the substantive reform of court trials

"After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China first proposed to promote the reform of the trial-centered litigation system, the party group of the Guangzhou Municipal Procuratorate attached great importance to it and included this reform into the important agenda for the first time." According to Li Xuedong, deputy chief prosecutor of the Guangzhou Municipal Procuratorate, in order to comprehensively promote the implementation of the substantive reform of court trials, the hospital held many party organization meetings, inspection committees and special promotion meetings to study and deploy relevant work, establish reform work ideas and measures, and quickly formulated and issued the "Guangzhou Procuratorate’s Implementation Plan for Promoting the Reform of the Trial-Centered Criminal Procedure System", which took the lead in the province to implement and gradually improve the core index system of the substantive trial.

The court also issued the "Guidelines for Witnesses, Experts, and Investigators to Appear in Court" and the Guidelines for the Performance Evaluation of Prosecutors in Court to standardize the behavior of witnesses, experts, and investigators in court.

While advancing the reform of integrated arrest and prosecution in a steady and orderly manner, the court formulated and issued 13 normative documents in five categories in response to the weaknesses and outstanding problems existing in the previous procuratorial organs in the process of reviewing arrests, reviewing prosecutions, conducting investigation supervision and trial supervision, providing more systematic guidance for the city’s procuratorial organs to implement the substantive reform of court trials.

Li Xuedong introduced that after formulating and jointly signing a series of normative documents, the Guangzhou Municipal Procuratorate concentrated on promoting the substantive reform of court trials in depth. In terms of pre-court meetings, exclusion of illegal evidence, witness testimony in court, transformation of technical investigation evidence, and guilty plea and punishment in severe criminal cases, the Guangzhou two-level procuratorate worked hard to explore and accumulated valuable experience.

The court handled the country’s first trial substantive reform observation court – Tan Moucheng’s illegal drug possession case, Liu Moutian and other 54 people involved in gangs who were rated by the Supreme Court as "Top Ten Cases to Promote the Rule of Law in 2018", the country’s first major drug crime case wealth investigation pilot case, the first case of technical investigation materials in Guangdong Province, Chen Moufeng’s drug trafficking case, which provided evidence and cross-examination in court and served as the basis for verdict, and a series of typical cases with benchmark significance; Liwan District Procuratorate used "smart court assistants" to deal with difficult and complex cases in court, and the sentencing recommendation and court appearance integrated auxiliary system developed by Nansha District Procuratorate was used by Guangdong Provincial Procuratorate as a knock-out product of smart public prosecution and was promoted in the National Prosecutorial Equipment Exhibition.

Training: Professional teams lay a solid foundation for the substantive trial

On September 27 this year, the seventh National Top Ten Prosecutors and National Excellent Prosecutors Business Competition came to an end in Beijing. After seven days of intense competition, two prosecutors from Guangzhou, Zhang Yu and Li Rui, won the title of "National Top Ten Prosecutors" with excellent results of the first and third in the country respectively. This is the best result achieved by the procuratorial organs of Guangzhou and even Guangdong Province since the first National Excellent Prosecutors Business Competition in 2000.

Li Xuedong told reporters: "In the context of the new era, the procuratorial function has been continuously enriched, and the materialization of court trials has also given new connotations and higher requirements to the traditional functions of approving arrest and prosecution, and has put forward higher and stricter requirements for the ability of prosecutors to perform their duties and the role of litigation status."

As a major case handler in the province and even the whole country, the criminal litigation business of Guangzhou procuratorial organs has a large volume and many types of cases, which provides a fertile soil for the training and improvement of the professional ability of the criminal inspection team. Since the formulation and implementation of the "Trial Substantiation Prosecutorial Core Index System (Trial) ", Guangzhou procuratorial organs have begun to reflect the effectiveness of trial substantive work with quantitative indicators, follow the talent training concept of "practice brings true knowledge, practice produces talents", and guide prosecutors to handle each case well through indicators. At the same time, business backbones, especially young prosecutors, are encouraged to take the initiative to take the initiative, overcome difficulties, handle more cases, handle cases quickly, and handle cases well. Through a large number of "bone cases" practical exercises, they have forged excellent business skills, and strive to create a group of expert prosecutors who can handle cases and handle cases well.

In addition to the concept update and actual combat exercises, the hospital has also actively created training workshops with Guangzhou procuratorial characteristics, led the organization of legal community training courses, established a prosecutor forum, conducted trial observation, launched a series of post training activities such as "Public Prosecution Sailing", and carried out cadre exchanges and joint training with financial supervision, intellectual property, ecological environment and other departments to provide a good and convenient learning platform for procuratorial police officers to make up for knowledge weaknesses, ability shortcomings and experience blind spots in a timely manner.

At the same time, the two-level procuratorate of Guangzhou City attaches great importance to cultivating and promoting the procuratorial professionalism, strengthening the construction of party style and clean government and judicial style, adhering to the combination of strict management, love, encouragement and restraint, establishing and improving the internal restriction and supervision mechanism of the criminal procuratorial department after the reform of the integration of arrest and prosecution, improving the quality and efficiency of case handling assessment and evaluation mechanism, creating a good ecological environment for the growth of criminal inspection talents, and striving to build a well-disciplined, professional and excellent work style of the criminal inspection team.

(Our reporter Zhong Yaya, correspondents Xiong Huan, Han Danqian, Huang Jiemei)

self-supplementary investigation

Huangpu: Field visits found evidence of breaking through "zero confession"

"We didn’t go to the factory to steal anything." In the theft of Luo and Wei, video surveillance confirmed that the two got off the highway in the early morning. Three hours later, the video captured two people climbing over the wall and entering the factory to steal, but Luo and Wei refused to admit that they did it. The public security organs only inspected the scene of the theft in the factory, so it is disputed whether the two people who entered the factory to steal were Luo and Wei.

In order to remove reasonable doubt and accurately determine the facts, the prosecutor of Huangpu District Procuratorate of Guangzhou City inspected the scene of the crime and found that the expressway and the factory area were closed spaces, and only by getting off the expressway could they enter the factory area. During the crime, only Luo and Wei got off the expressway, so it was enough to determine that the theft was committed by the two of them. Therefore, he suggested and guided the public security organs to re-inspect the scene, and finally prosecuted Luo and Wei with zero confession.

Strengthening the awareness and ability of self-supplementary investigation is of great significance for realizing the win-win effect of charging crimes and investigation supervision, ensuring that public prosecution provides evidence fully and effectively, and promoting the reform of the litigation system centered on trial.

In recent years, the court has successively issued three self-supplemental investigation working mechanisms, and gradually built a "2 + 6" working model based on the premise of complicated and simple diversion and quick handling of simple cases, and based on necessary and sufficient pre-trial preparations, with self-supplemental investigation, exclusion of illegal evidence, pre-trial conferences, witnesses appearing in court, multimedia evidence display, and legal supervision as the focus of the "2 + 6" working model.

The materialization of court trials is mainly applicable to difficult and complex cases in which the prosecution and defense parties have a large dispute over the facts of the case. The hospital takes the leadership of refining and strengthening the professional case handling organization, and sets up 14 professional case handling teams including enterprise-related and intellectual property-related cases, guided by special case handling, complex and simple diversion of criminal cases, and simple case handling. The case diversion standards and trial plans have been built and improved. Cases subject to expedited and simplified procedures accounted for 83.11%.

In the reform of the materialization of court trials, the court supplemented 87 cases of investigation on its own, and 15 major difficult and complex cases using multimedia evidence were accepted by the court. Applicants appeared in court 12 times, initiated illegal evidence investigation procedures 15 times, and excluded illegal evidence 5 times.

"The materialization of the trial has forced the prosecution and defense to improve their ability to present evidence, argue and control the trial. Whether it is the prosecution and defense or the investigation agency, it has put forward higher requirements. This is more conducive to discovering the truth of the case, fully protecting the human rights of the defendant, and effectively avoiding the occurrence of unjust and false convictions." Chen Zhuolin, the prosecutor general of the hospital, said with deep emotion.

guide investigation

Panyu: A production detail made the defendant bow in court

"Prosecutor, I admit to counterfeiting registered trademarks, and the actual sales price is about 3 yuan each. I am willing to plead guilty and accept punishment." When the alleged offender Luo saw the company’s production details and cost details in front of him, he confessed to all the facts of the crime and voluntarily pleaded guilty.

Luo registered and operated a mobile phone case manufacturer in Panyu, Guangzhou. In early March this year, Luo received an order from abroad for a well-known brand of mobile phone case. Knowing that unauthorized production constituted infringement, Luo chose to take the risk to complete the order. He purchased a batch of original cases of mobile phone cases from downstream suppliers and asked workers to print a well-known brand logo on the internal flannel and outer packaging box of the original case. In mid-May, when the order was completed and ready to be shipped, it was stolen by the public security organs who received the report and was seized.

After arriving at the case, Luo maintained that there was no production and processing behavior, but only resale. When the batch of mobile phone cases were purchased, the surface and packaging had already come with a well-known brand logo, and the actual sales price was about 0.5 yuan each.

The case was quickly transferred to the Panyu District Procuratorate for review and arrest. The prosecutor found that the value of the mobile phone case seized at the scene had reached the starting point of the crime of counterfeiting registered trademarks. After that, he made a decision to approve the arrest of Luo and issued a detailed outline for continued investigation, listing 7 supplementary investigation measures to supplement the evidence.

In August, the case entered the stage of review and prosecution. Luo still insisted on the false excuse that there was no production and processing, but only sales of mobile phone cases. The contractor prosecutor continued to make efforts to promote dynamic, whole-process, and effective guidance of the investigation by handling the case firsthand. When combing through the evidence in the case in detail, the contractor prosecutor found that there were multiple seals of the infringed brand logo seized on the spot on the attachment list, so he quickly contacted the public security manager and went directly to the physical evidence storage warehouse of the public security organ. After careful comparison, he found that although the surface of the infringing mobile phone case did not have the pattern of the brand logo seal seized on the spot, the packaging of the mobile phone case was opened, and there was an embossed brand logo on the internal flannel, and the pattern was exactly the same as the seal pattern seized on the spot.

The contractor prosecutor also dug into a pile of corporate data seized at the crime scene and found a production and cost schedule for March, which listed the quantity, unit price and purchase cost of the seized mobile phone case orders. After questioning the tabulator of the form, the actual sales price was finally verified.

When the prosecutor put the seal and mobile phone case pattern comparison chart, the above form and the testimony of the tabulator in front of Luo and his defence counsel, Luo confessed to all the facts of the crime.

It is understood that in recent years, the court has continuously strengthened its pretrial dominance, comprehensively used a variety of methods to dynamically review evidence, guided investigators to comprehensively collect, fix and improve evidence in accordance with the law, and timely put forward evidence collection opinions and applicable legal opinions, which is more conducive to finding a breakthrough in the case and actively exploring the construction of a criminal accusation system with evidence as the core.

"Integrated Appearance" System

Nansha: With the help of multimedia, the indictment can be seen and heard

At the moment when the trial-centered litigation system reform has entered the deep water area, the implementation of the substantive reform of court trials requires prosecutors to "strengthen their internal strength", but more importantly, the procuratorial organs need to be able to use high-tech to provide practical and effective ways and paths for the substantive work of court trials.

In September 2018, the criminal case of the defendants Ruan and others who were prosecuted by the Nansha District Procuratorate of Guangzhou City was heard in public. The criminal case involved complex characters, organizational structure, multiple criminal facts, and various types of evidence, which brought certain difficulties to the trial. How to complete the trial work quickly and efficiently and make the trial substantive is an urgent problem for prosecutors to solve.

Therefore, Zhao Jian, the prosecutor of the hospital, decided to conduct the first practical exercise of the "court appearance integration" system developed by the hospital in cooperation with a software company. The system can complete the production of court trial evidence plans through intelligent text recognition technology, artificial intelligence construction technology, and image template embedding technology. The prosecutor only needs to import the review report and electronic file into the system, and in a few minutes, it can generate display content including the relationship diagram of the person involved, the timeline of the case, the matching of the facts to be proved and the evidence ball, and the automatic link of the electronic file. The multimedia evidence scheme can be generated without increasing the workload of the prosecutor.

During the trial, the prosecutor can visually display the full picture of the case when reading the indictment, including when the triad organization formed a gang, when the organization was established, who was in the organization, the status of the individual in the organizational structure, and when the organization committed what crime. In the process of cross-examination of evidence, the prosecutor automatically connects the evidence map and the file to clearly display the content of the evidence in the whole case. In the court debate, the prosecutor demonstrates the integrity of the evidence chain in each criminal fact and the relationship between the evidence and the evidence in detail according to the evidence matching diagram of the facts to be proved.

Due to the clear and appropriate evidence in the trial, the defendant and the defense can also respond in a targeted manner according to the logic of evidence, which fully guarantees that the materialization of the trial of major difficult and complex cases can be implemented, and the trial effect has been unanimously praised by the judge and the defense. In the end, the criminal facts charged by the procuratorial organs and the crimes found were all accepted by the court, and the defendant pleaded guilty and served the law.

Witnesses testify in court

Haizhu: After the victim’s video testimony, the black boss was speechless

On April 10, 2019, the Haizhu District Procuratorate of Guangzhou City prosecuted Shi Moubing and other 56 people in a gang-related case. During the escort trial and at the scene of the trial, the first offender Shi Moubing was arrogant. "I see who dares to testify against me", Shi Moubing repeatedly threatened other defendants.

After investigation, since 2009, Shi Moubing has gathered idle social personnel in Guangzhou, and through the organized implementation of illegal and criminal acts such as opening casinos, gathering people to fight, picking quarrels and provoking trouble, illegal detention, extortion, and illegal possession of guns, he has amassed large amounts of illegal wealth, realizing the purpose of protecting gambling with black people and raising black people with gambling.

In the process of handling the case, the special team of Haizhu District Procuratorate made full use of the lenient system of pleading guilty and accepting punishment, based on factual evidence, to achieve the whole process of negotiation in the lawsuit, and adopted the strategy of "dividing and disintegrating, breaking down one by one". Many defendants pleaded guilty and accepted punishment. However, the two organization leaders in the case always refused to plead guilty, and because the first offender Shi Moubing was fierce, other members of the organization were afraid of him.

Combined with the requirements of the materialization of the trial, the prosecutor of the court successfully applied the principle of direct words in the trial, applying for the victim to testify in court to fully accuse and reveal the crime of the organization. After investigation and judgment, the prosecutor believed that one of the victims, Jin Moubing, was the most suitable to testify in court. Jin Moubing participated in Shi Moubing’s early opening of a casino, and was later illegally detained by Shi Moubing with iron chains and iron cages. He was forced to write a huge IOU and was forced to leave his hometown for many years.

In the pre-trial meeting, the first criminal Shi Moubing and his defense also put forward a request for Jin Moubing to testify in court. The prosecutor judged Shi Moubing because of his confidence in his power and believed that Jin Moubing did not dare to confront him in court, so he made the above request. In order to achieve a good accusation effect, the task force formulated a detailed court appearance plan. To ensure the safety of Jin Moubing, the prosecutor suggested that the court adopt a remote video method for him to testify in court. Jin Moubing accused Shi Moubing in the testimony room through two-way video and covered his face with mosaics, which was accepted by the court.

During the trial, according to the pre-trial plan, the prosecutor comprehensively questioned from multiple angles, so that he fully and completely exposed Shi Moubing’s cruel criminal methods and their bad influence. Due to the full preparation before the trial and multiple guarantees for the personal safety of the victim, Jin Moubing completely dispelled his ideological concerns, answered the prosecutor’s questions in detail in court, and forcefully responded to the defense’s questioning, causing Shi Moubing to be speechless during the confrontation with him, which effectively improved the quality of the trial.

The parties to criminal cases and other litigation participants to testify in court is an important means to ensure justice and fairness in criminal trials, and it is also an important measure to implement the trial-centered litigation system reform. The court has formulated the "Witness Testimony Protection Mechanism" and related safeguard measures to gradually realize the normalization of the appearance of parties to criminal cases and other litigation participants in court, and to strengthen the prosecution’s trial and accusation.

Developing a team of prosecutors

Huadu: The C-position Debut of an Excellent Public Prosecutor

The materialization of trial is an effective practice path for the reform of the criminal litigation system centered on trial. The Huadu District Procuratorate has established a complete public prosecution talent echelon through a series of measures, so that each prosecutor has a calm and calm psychological quality, profound legal theory foundation, accurate language expression ability and flexible court response ability, which can effectively deal with the challenges brought by the materialization of trial.

"Some people think that the crime of transporting drugs requires crossing administrative regions, what do you think?" "What is the transportation distance for the crime of transporting drugs?"……These "tricky questions" are not discussions on a major case, but a way for prosecutors in Guangzhou’s Huadu District Procuratorate to train – "brainstorming" defense, which can not only train prosecutors to refine the facts, but also conduct in-depth discussions on the application of law.

In the face of the "deadly serial calls" of the coaching team and the various "magic blades" of spectators, how can they express their opinions confidently and fluently? The prosecutor of the hospital relies on the original "three-minute walk impromptu speech method". When the prosecutor takes a walk after dinner, the coach will temporarily draw up a theme and ask everyone to take turns to make an impromptu speech for three minutes. Although it may attract the onlookers of passers-by, what the prosecutor needs to do is to be able to express his thoughts without distraction, no matter what the environment is, and let the audience hear it clearly.

Fluent expression is only a basic requirement for an excellent prosecutor, and solid theoretical knowledge is a necessary skill for a prosecutor to advance. The "Private School of Criminal Law" podium every Friday afternoon in the hospital is a concentrated study time for all prosecutors in the hospital. Each prosecutor is responsible for a chapter of the criminal law. Prepare lessons in advance, prepare key issues, controversial issues, and focus issues in court trials, take turns on the stage, discover the opposition and integration of each other in the exchange of theory and practice, and finally come to a proper conclusion in the face of difficult cases.

The court believes that "excellent prosecutors are not’compared ‘by competition, but’fed’ by cases, and kung fu is outside the competition." Zhang Yu, who recently won the seventh National Top Ten Prosecutors, participated in the 2017 Guangzhou Prosecutorial System Prosecution and Defense Competition. That year, she still handled 101 cases and 162 people. In 2018, she handled 76 cases and 89 people.

Prosecutors can stand out, in addition to their own hard work, but also can not do without the efforts of the whole hospital. The hospital through the recruitment of procuratorial auxiliary staff and innovation of multi-level public prosecution case handling model to reduce the pressure of handling cases, transactional work handled by assistants and clerks.

This series of measures has enabled each prosecutor of the Huadu District Procuratorate to possess a calm and composed psychological quality, a profound foundation in legal theory, accurate language expression, and flexible court response capabilities, enabling them to effectively respond to the challenges posed by the materialization of court trials.

(Manuscript co-ordination: our reporter Zhong Yaya, correspondents Zhang Cheng, Cui Jiefeng, Zhang Lingfeng, Wu Xinxia, Liu Yunfeng)

　　China News Service, Ningbo, October 16 (Reporter, Lin Bo) walked into the Eastern (Beilun) Base of Dongfang Cable and the Digital Future Factory. From production to shipment, from workshop to dock, the photoelectric composite submarine cable realizes real-time monitoring and sharing of data throughout the production cycle… This is the silhouette of Zhejiang’s "digital-real integration".

　　The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China states: "Accelerate the development of the digital economy, promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, and build a digital industrial cluster with international competitiveness." More and more enterprises are also realizing that the integration of data and reality is an inevitable choice to promote the transformation of manufacturing to high-end "intelligent manufacturing".

　　As a leading province in the development of the digital economy, Zhejiang has deeply implemented the "No. 1 Development Project" of digital economy innovation and quality improvement. What are its achievements in the integration of digital and real development?

　　Deep Integration of Numbers and Realities: Reshaping Thousands of Industries

　　"Emphasis on integration empowers, and new breakthroughs have been made in the deep integration of numbers and reality." Li Min, a member of the party group, deputy director and first-level inspector of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Economic and Information Technology, said that the province pioneered and promoted the new paradigm of "industrial brain + future factory" integration and development. The industrial brain in 45 industrial fields has cumulatively served 120,000 enterprises, reducing costs by about 13% and improving efficiency by about 23% on average for enterprise users.

　　Taking Hangzhou and Ningbo as examples, the two cities were selected as the national pilot cities for the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and a total of 601 smart factories (digital workshops), 52 future factories, and 535 provincial industrial Internet platforms were built.

　　Peter Major, Vice Chairperson of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development, said at the 2023 World Digital Economy Conference and the 13th Smart City and Smart Economy Expo (hereinafter referred to as the "Digital Economy Conference") held in Ningbo recently that the integration of data and reality not only has a revolutionary impact on industrialization and production, but also plays a key role in reshaping the bright future of mankind. People from all walks of life around the world should carry out in-depth cooperation based on digital opportunities to promote the safe and efficient development of the digital economy and achieve the goal of sustainable development.

　　5.5G technology senses low-altitude drones, the Asian Games "conspicuous bag" robot dog reappears, and the self-developed Feitian cloud computing operating system debuts… Through this digital economy conference, it can be seen that the ever-changing new technologies are accelerating the reshaping of thousands of industries, profoundly affecting people’s production and life.

　　As a major foreign trade city and a developed area of private economy, Ningbo has many small, medium and micro enterprises. How can small, medium and micro enterprises with large quantities and wide range seek innovation with "numbers"?

　　In order to enhance the overall cyber security protection capabilities of small and medium-sized enterprises and promote the construction of a cyber security social service system, the "cyber security" for small and medium-sized enterprises has been operated in Ningbo.

　　"Facing the current reality of weak cyber security protection for small and medium-sized enterprises, it provides a comprehensive and whole-process cyber security risk prevention and control plan, which is an active exploration and practice in the field of cyber security insurance in Ningbo." According to the relevant person in charge of the Ningbo Municipal Party Committee Cyberspace Information Office, as a national insurance innovation comprehensive pilot zone, the city uses financial means to participate in cyber security space governance, providing important support for the construction of digital Ningbo and a strong network city.

　　Digital technology empowers: injecting surging new kinetic energy

　　From manufacturing to intelligent manufacturing, the word "smart" highlights the change of digital-real integration. Digital-real integration also promotes the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, spawns new industries, new business models, and actively builds a modern industrial system. The requirements of high-quality development run through the whole process of new industrialization.

　　Combining communication and sensing functions to provide ubiquitous sensing services for the intelligent world, the "Synaesthesia Integration" technology; the Internet of Things technology "Passive IoT" that collects radio waves emitted from the network side and captures and collects energy through technology; in addition to inheriting the native advantages such as 5G network slicing, it also has the advantages of easy connection, fiber-free wiring, low cost, high reliability and low latency. "RedCap New Standard"… This is the latest achievement of Ningbo Mobile’s "5G-A" technology.

　　According to Wang Yong, deputy general manager of Zhejiang Mobile Ningbo Branch, "5G-A" is a leap-forward upgrade from "enhanced connection" to "beyond connection", which not only deeply empowers the digital upgrading of traditional industries, but also expands the digital field from land to new spaces such as low altitude and ocean. It is expected to spawn new industries, new formats and new models in intelligent manufacturing, virtual reality, vehicle to everything, low-altitude economy, and smart Internet of Things, injecting surging momentum into the sustainable and high-quality development of the digital economy.

　　It is true that the development of digital integration cannot be separated from the support and empowerment of digital technology.

　　In recent years, Ningbo has actively seized development opportunities, actively promoted industrial transformation and upgrading with digital technology, and achieved phased results in the integration of digital and real development. Especially in terms of intelligent manufacturing, the city has built a pattern of "future factories" as the benchmark and wide coverage of digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises. Since the beginning of this year, 5 provincial future factories have been added (a total of 17), ranking first in the province.

　　In the "Future Factory" production workshop of Ningbo Consinee Group Co., Ltd., cashmere raw materials are put into the feeding port on the first floor, automatically transferred to the second floor to make yarn, and then weighed, labeled, packaged, boxed, and packaged into storage.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of the company, in this intelligent "black light" digital unmanned factory, orders can be automatically completed from delivery to factory production and quality control by simply placing an order in the control center. Production efficiency is increased by 20%, inventory turnover is doubled, delivery cycles are shortened by half, and the number of workers is reduced by half.

　　Traditional industries, such as the textile and garment industry, are being empowered by digital technology to inject "digital momentum".

　　Pan Yunhe, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a professor at Zhejiang University, suggested that manufacturing enterprises in Ningbo and even China should actively promote product innovation and intelligence, so as to drive the coordinated development of the upstream and downstream industrial chains. Once Chinese enterprises create intelligent products through intelligent independent technology and group intelligent technology implementation innovation, related supporting enterprises will also flourish and lay the foundation for promoting new industrialization.

　　"Vigorous" works wonders: stimulate the vitality of data elements

　　Digital infrastructure is an important part of the development of the digital economy. Since the "Digital China" plan was announced, all localities have been increasing their efforts in digital infrastructure building.

　　The reporter learned that Zhejiang Province has successively issued the Interim Measures for the Opening and Security Management of Public Data in Zhejiang Province, the Regulations on Public Data in Zhejiang Province, and related supporting systems to provide institutional guarantees for the collection, full sharing, orderly opening, and safe use of public data in accordance with the law, and to stimulate the value of data elements.

　　Taking Ningbo artificial intelligence supercomputing center as an example, it was officially launched in January 2023, providing autonomous and controllable 100P (FP16) half-precision artificial intelligence computing power and 5P (FP64) double-precision high-performance computing power, filling the gap in supercomputing power infrastructure.

　　In practical applications, through the "strongest computing brain", it helped the meteorological department to carry out the application research of meteorological numerical models for sailing events during the Hangzhou Asian Games, reducing the forecast time from 9 hours to 4.5 hours, and successfully completed the event guarantee work.

　　Zheng Weimin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a professor of the Department of Computer Science at Tsinghua University, pointed out that computing power is the foundation of the digital economy. Whether it is the popular ChatGPT or the meta-universe based on AR, VR and other technologies, it is inseparable from its "vigorous miracle". Therefore, human society has entered the era of digital economy with computing power as the core productivity. It is recommended that the whole country strengthen the interconnection and unified scheduling of computing power to inject new momentum into economic growth. (End)

　 　 1905 movie network news　Starred by Chen He, Song Zhixiao, and David Bell, with Xiao Yang in particular, the action comedy film co-starred by Li Yuan, Li Chun, Tai Zhiyuan, He Saifei, and Kan Qingzi will be released in China on December 2. Today’s running special of the film is exposed. Chen He and other actors show the behind- the-scene scenes of extreme sports such as flying cars, high-altitude Weiya, fighting and parkour in the film. Chen He, who plays the courier, exposes himself as the film "suffering" and even surpasses the martial arts actors. Muse Song Zhixiao also incarnates as an aggressive sexy beating girl. David Bell, the founder of the global parkour movement, shows eye-popping parkour stunts. The actors’ dedication and shooting The thrill of the process was evident. Xiao Yang contracted a large number of laughs in the film and dedicated a surprising breakthrough performance, which was worth looking forward to.

　 　 The male protagonist Chen He has completed a great challenge and breakthrough in physical strength this time in the film. In the film, Chen He has gone through various hardships such as flying cars, parkour, and high-altitude bouncing on the way to escort the package. Although Chen He has a lot of regular physical exercise in the film, his exercise volume and intensity are not comparable to "Super Express". Chen He revealed that he specially trained his motorcycle skills for the filming of the film, "I am even more ruthless than a martial artist". Song Zhixiao, a makeup Muse, also fought this time! He personally went into combat, Weiya and other action scenes, and forced himself from a soft girl to an attacking female man, which is heartbreaking.

　 　 Compared to the "frequent suffering" of Chen He and Song Zhixiao, the shooting style of David Bell with professional skills is another style of painting. In the film, he looks very easy to shuttle through the rooftops of the streets, such as razing the ground. This stunt is the envy of other actors in the film, and it has also won many fans on the set. Among them, there is a shooting scene where Chen He is chased by David Bell on a motorcycle. Chen He is quite proud of this. "I will tell my children in the future that I was chased by David Bell." However, despite his excellent action skills, David’s shooting in the film is not as easy as we have seen. Dangerous scenes such as crashing into glass still make people sweat for him.

　 　 The film will be released in China on December 2.

　　 In September 2017, the Charity Law officially came into effect for one year. In the year since the implementation of this law, which was called a "milestone in the history of Chinese legislation" at the time of its birth, the state has successively issued 15 regulatory documents supporting the Charity Law, covering the registration and identification of charitable organizations, charitable fundraising, charitable trust filing, charitable activity expenditure and management fees, and supervision and management. The official summary said that the law "created conditions for the improvement of the social ecology and the sustainable and stable development of charitable undertakings." At the same time, social events such as "paintings of autistic children" reflect the society’s continuous examination of the connotation of charity. There are also questions from the public that "it is more difficult to register charitable organizations after the promulgation of the Charity Law".

　　One year after the promulgation of the "Charity Law", what impact has this law had on society? Does it explore the transformation of national and social relations in the field of charity as expected by the outside world? How will it promote the social ecology of charity in China? Nandu reporters interviewed Wang Ming, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference who has just won the Fukuoka Asian Culture Award and has been deeply involved in the drafting of the "Charity Law" and a professor at the School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University.

　　Talk about the implementation effect

　　All information is released through the platform and supervised by society

　　Nandu: It has been a year since the Charity Law came into effect. What do you think of its implementation effect? Some people have suggested that it is now in an awkward transition period, and it seems that it is more difficult to register charitable organizations. What do you think?

　　Wang Ming: First of all, we need to understand the Charity Law. It is a brand-new system in itself, and the legislation itself is also a completely open process. Many scholars and all sectors of society have participated in the legislative process. After the promulgation of the Charity Law, I have been calling for greater efforts to popularize the law. The Ministry of Civil Affairs recently proposed that one of the priorities of the next step is to popularize the law, and I agree with this proposal. Why should we emphasize the importance of popularizing the law? Because almost all the institutional arrangements and principles in this law are new. Not only for charitable organizations, but also for government departments at all levels. Therefore, whether the law can be implemented depends most importantly on legal education. It is necessary for every charitable organization, every relevant government department, and even every citizen to fully learn and master the Charity Law, so that the new law can be put into practice.

　　I generally approve of the work of the Ministry of Civil Affairs in the past year, especially in terms of information disclosure. They have made great efforts and responded positively to my proposal. In my proposal, I emphasized that the construction of three information platforms is the key to the implementation of the Charity Law. On the eve of the implementation of the new law last year, the Ministry of Civil Affairs released 13 units as "designated information platforms". On the first anniversary of the implementation of the new law this year, it announced the official operation of the "unified information platform". I highly praise and look forward to this.

　　Nandu: Why does information disclosure play such a crucial role in the implementation of the Charity Law?

　　Wang Ming: What is the real key mechanism of the Charity Law? My understanding is that the most fundamental function of the Charity Law is to transform the relationship between the state and society. What does it mean? Before the Charity Law was implemented, the government directly confronted charitable organizations and social organizations. "What you should do, what you shouldn’t do, how I supervise, and how I manage" is all up to the government. After the Charity Law was promulgated, the government did not directly confront charitable organizations, but through the platform. What do you do? I will supervise you through information. This is a process and cannot be achieved immediately. So in the next year or two, it will be up to the platform to direct. First let the three platforms land, and then let the government slowly step back, from the original government facing the organization directly, to the government facing the platform, and the platform facing the organization. All information is released to the society through the platform and supervised by the society, and this law is implemented through the platform.

　　So I’m not particularly worried about what some people are seeing now, such as "It’s difficult to register, and more than 2,000 companies have been identified in a year, which is too few." I don’t think there is any need to worry. Because the identification of charitable organizations cannot be regarded as a power granted to the Ministry of Civil Affairs. The Charity Law does not grant this power, but should be regarded as a procedure, and everything is determined by the procedure, not by which department.

　　Therefore, I propose four sentences: "The government controls the platform, the platform faces the organization, the public social supervision, and the organization acts according to law," which can summarize the basic structure of the new pattern of state-society relations after the promulgation of the Charity Law.

　　Talk about the three major platforms

　　The information is aggregated into a large database system, and the so-called "human flesh" will be easy

　　Nandu: Can you provide more details on the three platforms you mentioned?

　　Wang Ming: Our so-called three platforms are the "unified information platform", the "designated information platform" and the "self-built website of charitable organizations". If these three platforms can be implemented, I think the key mechanism of the Charity Law will be established.

　　The first one is called the "unified information platform." The term in the Charity Law is "the charity information platform uniformly established by the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the State Council." It is mainly responsible for publishing information that must be released by the official, and it has a strong public character. Its main feature is authority.

　　The second is called the "designated information platform," which is a social operation, social funding, and release information at any time. It is highly interactive and has a large amount of information. At the end of August last year, the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued 13 units as designated charitable donation platforms.

　　My personal opinion is that 13 is actually too many, and it is best to choose 4-5 in the end. 13 will not be easy for the public to choose, and it is too time-consuming to identify. It is best to have a few. Each has its own characteristics, and it is easy for the public to choose according to their own habits. On the other hand, the biggest difference between these designated platforms and the first type of platform is that they can assume the function of "big data". The public chooses by themselves, uses this platform as often as possible, the number of clicks continues to increase, and the credibility of these platforms can also increase. With credibility, the government can delegate some functions to them, and the government can sign contracts with these designated platforms to delegate certain functions, such as the function of annual financial report disclosure. If it is dispersed to 13, the cost to the government is relatively high, and the risk is also relatively high.

　　In addition, I think these platforms should be chosen by the people, and in the end, it should not be the government that regulates them, but the ordinary people. The more ordinary people use this platform, the more useful this platform will be. If there are 13, it is likely that everyone does not use it much and is scattered.

　　But the second type of platform is actually an information publishing intermediary, a public platform.

　　The third platform is entirely the information released by charitable organizations, not an intermediary, but according to their own needs.

　　These three types of information will eventually be aggregated into the large database system of public welfare and charity. One result of this will be that the so-called "human flesh" will be easy, such as how credible a charity organization is and what it has done, it can be quickly searched. This information is sourced from all three types of platforms.

　　Nandu: How long do you think it will take for these three platforms to be completed?

　　Wang Ming: I originally estimated that it would take three to five years, but now it seems very fast. This year, I estimate that all three types of platforms will be launched slowly. And this is combined with China’s entire technological progress. Our Internet technology will play a positive role in this platform.

　　It is very important to note that the design of these platforms is stipulated by law, and once they are launched, they are not subject to human will. The biggest feature of the Internet is that after a certain stage of development, it will far exceed our imagination. In two or three years, I think our system will work effectively. At that time, it will become easy to donate, ask for help, and obtain information about organizations. At that time, its authenticity will not be determined by the information publisher, nor by the information regulator. It will be determined by the big data system. There is no need to worry about whether the information is falsified as it is now.

　　Talking about big data

　　In the era of mobile Internet, without big data, there is no way to establish new systems

　　Nandu: In fact, ordinary people encounter more situations when a friend of mine posts a message through WeChat Moments, saying that my family has some illness, and I want everyone to donate. This situation is not included in these three types of information platforms?

　　Wang Ming: I think with these three types of platforms, we should pay attention to the fact that the platform can complete the function of identification and regulation through big data. If it is not in the field of charity, big data will naturally exclude this from the system. I do not agree that the government should make this identification, but should make this identification by big data to clarify a boundary.

　　The reason why there was a lot of ambiguity in the past is because we leave a lot of moral issues to the law. The biggest improvement of the Charity Law is that it only prohibits illegal acts within the scope of charity. If it is a moral issue, or it should be in the scope of other laws, such as criminal law, civil law, leave it to the moral or other laws, instead of all issues in the circle of the Charity Law.

　　Nandu: Can you say that the introduction of this Charity Law is based on trust in the future of big data?

　　Wang Ming: In fact, we didn’t particularly consider big data and mobile Internet when drafting, but it turned out that platforms and big data may play a fundamental role in this regard, that is to say, we have actually entered an era, which is the era of mobile Internet. Without big data, we actually have no way to establish new systems. So the Charity Law was not designed in this way intentionally, but it has taken a big step forward with this era.

　　Talk about charity

　　Charity is only divided into legal and illegal, there is no "good" and "bad"

　　Nandu: In philanthropy, there is also a much-discussed issue, which is whether there is a good charity and a bad charity. For example, there were many controversial charity methods like Chen Guangbiao before, and many people felt that as long as it can help people, it doesn’t matter.

　　Wang Ming: What I want to emphasize now is that after the promulgation of the Charity Law, I do not agree with the use of value judgments to distinguish charitable acts. In fact, charity itself is good. In the future, charity only needs to distinguish between legal and illegal, not "good" and "bad". I mentioned a concept called "legal mainstreaming". In the future, there is only one thing that is mainstream, and that is legal. Other things we said before, such as good charity is mainstream, low-key charity is mainstream… These are no longer standards. Now, charity is good, including those like Chen Guangbiao. If it is within the scope of legal, why do you need to condemn it?

　　Some people may think that this kind of charity seems too high-profile, or feel that it is hyped, but as long as it is within the scope of legality, we consider it to be positive, that is, to use the law instead of people’s morality to judge a charitable act.

The inheritance of martial arts includes the inheritance of equipment production. The unique Miao knife in Cangzhou martial arts equipment, through the efforts of Guo Ruixiang and Guo Tieliang father and son, not only restored the long-lost forging process, but also the gorgeous pattern, sharp edge, good elasticity and beautiful exterior, perfectly combined with the Miao knife knife technique, achieved a historic breakthrough –

Forging knives, tempered by a thousand times, passed down "Four Absolutes"

Our reporter, Qi Lingxiao

Chinese seedling knife and its teaching and inheritance

Knife King

Recreate the power of cold weapons

One day in 2011, Wei Hongzhong, a martial artist who had assisted in filming the special program Miao Dao, packed up his equipment and got on his motorcycle to finish work and go home. At this time, the motorcycle had started to drive, and suddenly, a person with a long gun stabbed him from behind. Listening to the sound, turning around, and tilting, the three movements were completed almost simultaneously. In the blink of an eye, the hard ash gun rod was cut off by the brush, and the gun head and gun were dropped to the ground.

This was not a pose-up. Without advance notice or preparation, the sudden attacker just wanted to sneak attack and let the CCTV "I Love Invention" program team see the power of Cangzhou martial arts, especially Miao Dao.

This scene was recorded with a mobile phone, and it was exciting to watch. White wax rods are extremely hard and generally cannot be cut off, not to mention sudden attacks. The results of the surprise attack and dynamic block made the program team feel more and more magical about this long knife.

That day, the program team was filming a special topic of "Sword King Hegemony" in a park in Cangzhou. The first shooting started from static. 200 sheets of rice paper were tied to the tree, and Guo Tieliang, the direct grandson of Guo Yanzi (Changsheng), was wearing a short rest close to his body, and he stabbed straight with a knife. Penetrating. Replace it with 800 sheets of rice paper, 10 cm thick, can it still be pierced? The crew members questioned. Turning around, the knife is piercing through the back of the paper. Guo Tieliang, who has been practicing knives for 10 years, can pierce, but can a 9-year-old girl do it? The child himself and the watching Cangzhou martial artists have no confidence in this either. Then try it. Penetrating again. Although not as strong as Guo Tieliang, the tip of the knife still pierced through the thick rice paper. If it could pierce through thick paper, could the vines that even crossbows could not pierce be destroyed by a seedling knife? After field tests, the vines could not withstand each strike.

Flirting, chopping, chipping, and stabbing are the four major uses of the seedling knife. What would it be like if the 4 actions were done in a row? The program team wanted to continue to open their eyes and erected 4 more wooden piles, and 4 watermelons were installed on the piles. The series of actions was demonstrated by Guo Ruixiang’s disciple Wang Guochun. Wang Guochun entered the circle with a knife in one go, accurate and fast. The 3 watermelons presented a perfect cut, and the last watermelon was penetrated by the tip of the knife.

This time, the program team was content and no longer asked for anything new. But when they saw Guo Tieliang and others erecting a row of wooden piles on the roadside, allowing people to push bicycles and motorcycles, the program team was bored. What was this for?

It turned out that Guo Tieliang had his own plans. Since he wanted to show the power of the Miao Knife to the whole country or the world through CCTV, he would show it thoroughly. The martial artist Zhang Liqiang rode a bicycle and slashed on a motorcycle. The Miao Knife is very long and heavy. It requires two hands, one hand to hold the bicycle handle, and the other hand to wield the knife. It is necessary to master the balance of the bicycle and have the aim. It is very difficult to complete four consecutive movements at once. Motorcycle drivers have to cooperate with the knife hand, but also avoid the driver’s body to wield the knife, simulating ancient combat immediately, which is more difficult. In this way, it is a restoration of the use of the Miao Knife in the cold weapon era.

The result was perfect. The program team used the word "good" and "didn’t expect" to express their surprise to the world. In fact, what surprised them even more was the broken gun in Wei Hong’s attack, which the program team couldn’t find the right language to express.

Sanxia Zhejiang

Development of Chinese seedling knife

Miao Dao can be said to be the unique sword and stunt of modern Cangzhou martial arts. At the beginning of the last century, when the young Cangzhou martial artist Guo Yanzi toured the martial arts camp of Cao Kun in Zhili, he was "secretly taught" by Liu Yuchun, the head teacher of Tianjin Duliu, and Liu Yuchun’s Miao Dao was obtained by changing skills with the Xie brothers of Dongguang Sangyuan in Cangzhou, and then spread to the northeast earlier. Regarding the knife technique, an earlier literature can be found in the "Selection of Single Sword Techniques" in Cheng Chong’s "Forging Remaining Techniques" in the Ming Dynasty. Although the knife technique inherits the grass, snake and gray line, there are traces to follow, but the forging method of Miao Dao is a historical secret and has been lost for a long time. After Guo Yanzi was "secretly taught" by Liu Yuchun, the technique of Miao Dao was passed back to Cangzhou, but the forging method was not passed down.

Guo Yanzi’s son, Guo Ruixiang, is one of the top ten martial arts teachers in the country and one of the inheritors of the seedling knife technique. There is a seedling knife left by Guo Yanzi at home. The knife was forged by Cao Kun, the famous Zhejiang Longquan "Shen Guanglong", and Guo Ruixiang donated it to the country a few years ago. The knife became a sample for Guo Ruixiang and Guo Tieliang’s father and son to develop a seedling knife forging method.

"Before my grandfather died, he instructed me to pass on the Miao knife," Guo Tieliang said. "Not only to pass on the knife technique, but also to explore the forging method of the Miao knife. My father kept my grandfather’s instructions in mind and began to explore the re-forging of the Miao knife around the beginning of this century."

The history of swordsmithing in Cangzhou is also very long, and it should be able to forge seedlings. With this idea in mind, Guo Ruixiang and his son Guo Tieliang started a journey to forge seedlings again. They found out that there was an old master who could forge swords in the western countryside of Cangzhou and visited on a bicycle. After explaining the purpose of the visit and the characteristics of the seedlings, the old master shook his head and refused – this kind of knife has strict requirements on material, size and forging method, and ordinary craftsmen cannot do it. The two men did not give up and went to Dulin in Cangxian County to ask another old master to forge. The old master gave the same conclusion: it cannot be forged.

"My father was not discouraged. After bumping into the wall several times, he suddenly thought, since the Miao knife hidden at home was made by the Zhejiang’Shen Guanglong ‘, can it be forged in the south?" With a glimmer of hope, the two men rushed to Zhejiang. The reply from the Zhejiang swordsmith was heartening: it can be forged, and it can be forged using the ancient method. Then it was time to wait for good news. However, a few months later, after getting the first newly forged knife, Guo Ruixiang was disappointed. Because forging is one thing, but it is another – the center of gravity of the newly forged seedling knife deviates from the requirements of martial arts, making it awkward. After the two returned, they carefully analyzed the data of the Miao knife passed on by Guo Yanzi, drew the new discovery of the center of gravity of the knife into an accurate pattern and sent it to the sword master again. The second forging was successful, and it was easy to use. So, how is the toughness and hardness of the new knife? After testing, the toughness and hardness of the new Miao knife are not ideal. It is too hard and will break when it touches heavy weapons. It is too soft, not tall and straight enough, and the power of the thorn is greatly reduced.

The two of them simply ate and lived together with the sword forging master and studied day and night. From the proportion of steel and carbon used in the Jiazang Miao Knife, the experiment of the quenching time and the quenching method, the length, weight, and shape of the knife, a comprehensive and thorough study. The third forging knife was really successful.

The new miaodao absorbs the advantages of the old miaodao, and combines it with actual combat to make more subtle improvements. The biggest improvement is the blade spine. "The blade spine of the miaodao left by grandpa is square, but my father changed the blade spine into a circle based on the requirements of martial arts confrontation and the characteristics of ancient swords," Guo Tieliang said. The so-called circle is actually the "loach back". The bottom foot of Chinese porcelain is mostly used in this shape to reduce the friction of the bottom foot and reduce the pressure. If the actual combat miaodao is changed to "loach back", it will not only help to block, but also reduce the weight of the blade body, making the blade body denser and stiffer, and the weight, flexibility, hardness and actual combat effect are better.

This is a new breakthrough after inheriting the ancient method of miaodao forging, and it is a great progress for Cangzhou martial artists to integrate martial arts into equipment production. After several confrontation experiments, this improvement is proved to be scientific. On November 7, 2001, a memorable day in the history of Cangzhou martial arts – the State Intellectual Property Office awarded Guo Ruixiang a utility model patent certificate, patent name: Miaodao.

trace back to the source

Cangzhou seedling knife fire inheritance

Miao Dao, which has flourished in Cangzhou for nearly a hundred years, looks a bit like Japanese swords, but it is actually the ancestor of Japanese swords. Its history can be traced back to the Han and Tang Dynasties, and Guo Yanzi in Cangzhou is unique in his skills. Through the efforts of Guo Ruixiang, Guo Tieliang and his son, the long-lost Miao Dao forging technology was restored. In view of the outstanding performance of martial arts and Miao Dao in resisting the Wushu and insults in successive dynasties, Guo Ruixiang named the newly developed Miao Dao "Chinese Miao Dao Wushu Soul".

Before the development of the Miao knife, Guo Ruixiang, Guo Tieliang and his son made a deep excavation of the history of the Miao knife. The Miao knife in history has power, law and no name. Liu Tao, a famous general and a native of Cangzhou, led his soldiers to fight against the Japanese on the southeast coast for more than ten years, and used Qi Jiguang in an unusual way. According to the fighting habits of the Japanese pirates, Qi Jiguang changed the single knife used by the soldiers to a long knife, and passed the usage to the soldiers. They slashed the banner of the General Qing and dealt heavy losses to the Japanese pirates. After that, the records of Cheng Chongdou’s "Single Saber Dharma Selection" in the late Ming Dynasty made this treasure passed down, "using the power, the image, and the name". Later generations named it because of its slender blade body like a seedling.

Guo Tieliang said that the data show that the embryonic form of the Miao knife can be traced back to the "ring hand knife" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the "long knife" during the Cao Wei period of the Three Kingdoms. The "long knife" developed to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and has become an incomparably sharp actual combat blade "Tang knife". Archaeological excavations show that the "ring hand knife" in the Han Dynasty was found in ancient tombs, and the shape of the knife is very similar to that of the modern Miao knife. According to this, it is inferred that the embryonic form of the Miao knife has existed as early as the Han Dynasty in our country.

Yang Hong, a historian at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, also argued in his book "On the Cluster of Ancient Chinese Weapons" that "a strange knife is also a long knife." Guo Ruixiang’s "Textual Research on the Miao Knife", which is collected by the Chinese Historical Archives, wrote: "The Miao Knife was used to charge, far superior to a single sword and other short soldiers." In all previous anti-Japanese wars, he had excellent performance.

The newly developed seedling knife is known as the "Four Absolutes". The seedling knife forged with high-grade patterned steel has strict requirements in production.

Guo Tieliang pulled out a high-grade seedling knife to demonstrate that choosing the right raw materials is a prerequisite, one is wool iron, and the other is steel. The so-called wool iron is actually a local method of smelting iron with low iron content and carbon content and more impurities, but it is soft and viscous, and is suitable for repeated folding and forging. The so-called "three catties of wool iron and half a catty of steel" can withstand a thousand trials. The appropriate amount of carbon in "wool iron" and "steel" can get fresh and eye-catching patterns.

After the material is selected, it is forged. First, the wool iron is "exercised". After repeated forging, the blank is decarbonized, and impurities are removed to make the blank more pure. This is decarbonization steelmaking. The second is forming forging. During the process, metal molecules are organically combined with activated carbon, the density of the knife body is increased, and a knife strip with extremely high hardness and toughness is made. This is also known as the carburizing process. After forging the knife strip, it is quenched. The formed knife strip is burned in the furnace to a certain temperature and then quickly cooled back. The method, time and medium not only affect the flexibility and sharpness of the knife, but also affect the brightness of the pattern. The commonly used medium for quenching is water, oil and special liquid, etc. Different steels have different media, so that various steel seedlings can obtain different hardness. After quenching, it is tempered. The purpose is to reduce the unreasonable hardness after quenching. After the knife is tempered in a furnace at 250-300 degrees Celsius for 6-8 hours, the molecular structure of the metal changes and the knife body obtains the best quality.

The final process is grinding and decoration.

At this stage, the grinding stone is very important, and the grinding stone is also called the bright stone. Different grinding stones have different functions. After orderly grinding, the knife body can reach the level of no pitting and smooth as a mirror. Grinding is very time-consuming, and the ancients said "sharpening a sword in ten years", which fully illustrates the importance and time spent on grinding the seedling knife. The seedling knife uses red sandalwood as the handle sheath and bronze as the carving. The blade and the scabbard are slightly tight and not loose, and the loosening is appropriate, so that the thrusting of the knife is just right. After these processes, a complete new type of seedling knife is considered complete.

Exceptionally sharp, brilliant literary talent, comfortable and flexible, and difficult to rust and corrode are the four characteristics of seedling knives. As far as the hundred-refined pattern steel seedling knives are concerned, the gorgeous pattern, sharp edge, good elasticity and beautiful exterior constitute the "four absolute" of modern high-end seedling knives.

The Chinese Miaodao technique is superb in Guo Yanzi and interprets the legend of Cangzhou martial arts; the forging of the Chinese Miaodao, in the hands of Guo Ruixiang and his son, has been tempered for thousands of times, presenting the inheritance of academic research and equipment research and development.

Deng Chao

Deng Chao,Pan Yueming

The director is playing for Deng Chao
　

　　　 A few days ago, the high-profile 90th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China’s giant film has been confirmed to be released nationwide in June. In the exposed trailer, a large number of star actors have been gathered, and the lineup is strong. In the film, Deng Chao plays Chen Yi, a young man of the "Ten Marshals", and performs the highlight of boarding a ship with everyone at the dock. Deng Chao plays Chen Yi in a youthful and heroic style.

　　　 Deng Chao’s participation in the filming of "The Founding of the Party" was mainly for a scene where Chen Yi and Mao Zedong were supposed to go to study in France together, but Mao Zedong temporarily left behind a scene. During the shooting that day, the crew not only used special effects background to shoot, but also had the effect of nearly 100 people in the real scene. Chen Yi, played by Deng Chao, arrived late and joined the crowd. Because Chen Yi is from Sichuan, Deng Chao said that he must speak his lines in a Sichuan accent, "This is not only serious about the performance, but also respect for the leader." Out of his understanding of the entire opponent’s play, Deng Chao also improvised a line on the spot, "Wouldn’t the boat ticket be invalid?", which was praised by the director for being responsive and good at understanding the story of the camera reasonably.

　　　 From "The Founding of the Party", Deng Chao starred in Xu Beihong and Chen Yi. Although he made a brief appearance in the epic tribute with the participation of hundreds of stars, Deng Chao, who was serious about the performance, had complete preparations in terms of style and character characteristics. This shooting even bought "The Biography of Chen Yi" to read, which shows his responsibility for the performance work.

　　Yangcheng Evening News reporter, Hu Guangxin

　　The "May Day" holiday has passed, but the good show in the concert market has just begun. Since the second quarter, large-scale commercial performances in various places have been "retaliatory recovery". The tour concerts of Liu Ruoying, Zhang Jie, Mao Buyi, Zhang Xinzhe and other singers have taken the lead, and the mainland tours of Jay Chou, Mayday, Miriam Yeung, Liang Jingru, Wu Bai, Li Ronghao and others have also been arranged. Hong Kong and Macau, China are even more exciting: Liming, Jacky Cheung, and Guo Fucheng "Three Heavenly Kings" take turns to sing, and the new Best Actress of the Academy Awards, Cheng Xiuwen, has regained her status as a singer and re-entered the Red Pavilion. Music fans in the Greater Bay Area of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao will face "happiness troubles": so many concerts, which one is better to watch?

　　What are the major concerts worth looking forward to in the Greater Bay Area in the next three months? Keep this guide and wish everyone all the best to get tickets!

　　Guangzhou, a dazzling array of choices

　　Miriam Yeung "MY TREE OF LIVE" World Tour Guangzhou Station

　　Time: May 27 and 28

　　Venue: Guangzhou Haixin Sha Asian Games Park

　　After a four-year absence, Miriam Yeung has once again embarked on a world tour. The theme of this "MY TREE OF LIVE" concert is trees: trees have a very tenacious vitality, and they will repair themselves and grow again after experiencing the wind; the annual rings witness the growth and history of trees, just like Miriam Yeung’s musical works, accompanying fans through a period of life journey, carrying precious memories and growth experience. At the tour press conference in Beijing, Miriam Yeung personally interpreted the theme of this concert. In her opinion, singing the same song at different ages is interpreting a different story. She invites the audience to enter her inner world and feel her understanding of life and love for music.

　　It is reported that the tour will go to more than 50 cities around the world. Among them, the mainland cities include Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Zhuhai, Chongqing, Xiamen, Foshan and so on. The overseas tour will reach the United States, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and other places. So far, three cities have announced concert dates: the first stop is Guangzhou, which will hold two consecutive concerts on May 27 and 28; the second stop is Xiamen, which will be held on June 17; and the Shenzhen stop is July 22.

　　Zhou Baihao "Sound Sand Together" FAN MEETING Guangzhou Station

　　When: May 6th

　　Venue: Guangzhou Gymnasium Hall 1

　　Since his appearance on "Breaking Through Thorns", Zhou Baihao’s popularity has increased to a higher level. The first stop of this "Shing Sand Together" fan meeting was held in Changsha on April 21, and on May 6, it was held in Guangzhou to gather with fans in the Greater Bay Area. According to the organizers, this fan meeting will narrow the distance between the stage and the audience, allowing the audience to integrate into the performance. The playlist is also a highlight of this performance: in addition to the highly representative songs such as "Enough Time" and "Rumors", there will also be some unpopular songs that have rarely appeared in previous concerts.

　　Wang Yuan’s "Living Room Carnival" Tour Guangzhou Station

　　When: May 13

　　Venue: Guangzhou Baoneng Guanzhi Cultural Center

　　Wang Yuan’s first solo concert tour, "Living Room Carnival," kicked off in Shanghai on April 29 and 30 and will land in Guangzhou on May 13. The theme of this concert is "Living Room Carnival", which is the same name as Wang Yuan’s third album in 2022. He explained the meaning of "Living Room Carnival" in this way: As many people grow up, they lose the ability to communicate with the world, and the living room is an opportunity for one to reconnect with the world. Invite friends to chat and go to a friend’s house to watch a play, you will find a different perspective and hear a different story. He regards the stage as his living room: not only invite friends to be guests, invite music partners to co-create, but also invite listeners to listen to songs.

　　As Wang Yuan’s first solo tour, the stage design of "Living Room Carnival" is quite thoughtful, with more varied Rubik’s Cube stage frames to encapsulate the whimsy of living room carnival. From the playlist of Shanghai Station, most of the songs are Wang Yuan’s original works, which can give a glimpse of Wang Yuan’s creative strength in recent years.

　　Farmer "Hip Hop Hee Haha" Concert

　　When: May 21

　　Venue: Guangzhou Gymnasium Hall 1

　　Farmers, a Hong Kong hip-hop group made up of Mr. Lu and Mr. C, are on a packed Livehouse tour of 11 cities in 2022, with several additions at Guangzhou Station, a testament to their popularity in the Cantonese-speaking region. In 2023, they continue up the ante and enter the Guangzhou Stadium to sing. This is also the first year of their "three-year appointment" with fans: every May, they meet fans through concerts.

　　Organizer Le Teng Performing Arts revealed that this is the largest concert held in the mainland since Farmer’s debut, and it may also be a rare large-scale Cantonese Rap concert in the Guangzhou performance market. Last year’s Livehouse tour was dominated by new songs from the new album "Farmer’s Essays". The playlist of this large-scale concert will be richer, and there will be mysterious assistant guests, which is worth looking forward to.

　　Huang Qishan "Qiwang Thirty" Tour Concert Guangzhou Station

　　Time: May 24, 25, 26

　　Venue: Performance Hall of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall

　　Huang Qishan’s "Qiwang 30" national tour started at the beginning of this year and arrived in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changsha, Chongqing, Chengdu and other cities. The tour was highly discussed, not only did Huang Qishan’s new look get hot searches, but the box office response was also awesome: the Guangzhou station was held in March, and now it continues to be added in May, with three consecutive shows.

　　It is reported that the "Qiwang 30" concert includes two parts: "Huang Qishan" and "Xiaoxia". As "Huang Qishan", she is the familiar iron lung female singer; as "Xiaoxia", she is the most authentic self after removing many halos and labels. At this concert, the audience will feel two different aspects of Huang Qishan.

　　Shenzhen, classic old songs are waiting for you

　　Wang Feng "UNFOLLOW" Tour Shenzhen Station

　　When: May 13

　　Venue: Shenzhen Bay Sports Center "Spring Cocoon" Stadium

　　Wang Feng’s "UNFOLLOW" tour, which has been waiting for three years, finally resumed in 2023 with more content. In addition to hits such as "Life in Full Bloom", many new songs from Wang Feng’s new album "Maybe I Can Ignore Death" in 2022 also premiered at the concert.

　　This "UNFOLLOW" tour has a strong production team, among which Soda Green bassist Xinyi is the production coordinator of this tour.

　　Ren Xianqi "On the Road" Tour Concert Shenzhen Station

　　Time: June 22 and 23

　　Venue: Shenzhen Bay Sports Center "Spring Cocoon" Gymnasium

　　Recently, Ren Xianqi has been "on the road". His "On the Road" tour started from Wuhan and went all the way to Beijing, Shenyang and Nanjing, and will come to Shenzhen in June, with two consecutive performances on the 22nd and 23rd.

　　At Ren Xianqi’s concert, the most indispensable thing is the chorus. He can be called a "hot song maker", holding many classic songs that the audience is familiar with. And this time, the audience who wants to listen to old songs and good songs will not be disappointed: "The girl opposite looks over", "The heart is too soft", "The waves are blooming" and the flowers will bloom in spring "are all on the playlist.

　　Hong Kong and Macao "Four Heavenly Kings" three lack one

　　Dawn "STAGE ON 8" Macau Concert

　　Time: May 1, 2, 6, 7, 20, 21, June 3, 4, 10, 11, 17, 18

　　Venue: Cinema Melco, Macau

　　Starting in April, Melco Cinema Macau has curated a series of solo concerts by well-known singers. After Joey Yung’s concert, Dawn’s "STAGE ON 8" Macau concert took over. Fans can watch Dawn’s concerts at Melco Cinema Macau almost every weekend in May and June. There are 14 concerts in total.

　　The first two concerts of "STAGE ON 8" have ended on May 1 and 2, and the response has been very good. The playlist of this concert includes many classic songs such as "Will You Come Tonight", "People Are on the Edge" and "Listen to the Body Singing".

　　Jacky Cheung "60 +" World Tour Concert Macau Station

　　Time: June 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 30, July 1, 2

　　Venue: Cotai Arena, The Venetian Macao

　　The 2019 "Xueyou Classic World Tour" ended with a record-breaking 233 concerts, and Jacky Cheung set off again in 2023 to hold the 10th large-scale concert "60 +" world tour in his life, with Macau as the first stop.

　　This tour continues Jacky Cheung’s usual style. Audiences can not only appreciate his powerful singing skills, but also enjoy the beautiful stage design and the highly observable performance arrangement. At the same time, Jacky Cheung has also prepared some songs that have rarely or never been seen in concerts before. There are new songs, as well as "The Pearl of the Sea" over the years.

　　Jacky Cheung’s concerts have always been hard to get a ticket. Ten performances in Macau have been sold out. The organizers announced that they will open two more performances on June 25 and July 2, and offer for sale on May 5. Audiences who want to see Jacky Cheung’s concerts should remember to grab tickets.

　　Guo Fucheng "Dream Dance Forest" Concert 2023

　　Time: July

　　Venue: Cinema Melco, Macau

　　Not only Liming and Jacky Cheung are singing in Macau, but Guo Fucheng is also coming. On April 28, Guo Fucheng took the lead in announcing on Weibo that his "Dream Dance Forest" concert 2023 will be held at the Melco Film Arena in Macau in July this year. The specific date and information will be announced in the near future.

　　Cheng Xiuwen "You & Mi" World Tour Hong Kong Station

　　Time: July 14-16, 18-19, 21-23

　　Venue: Hung Hom Sports Centre, Hong Kong

　　Cheng Xiuwen will visit the Red Pavilion again in July for her 11th solo concert. The "You & Mi" world tour will be held in Hong Kong for a total of eight sessions, and tickets will be open from May 8 to 10.

　　Zheng Xiuwen’s last concert was the "FOLLOWMi" concert in 2019. At that time, there were heavy guests in every concert, and Koo Tianle and Wang Jiaer were even invited at the end. Will there be more surprising guests in this "You & Mi" concert? It is worth looking forward to.

　　link

　　In the second half of this year, the large-scale commercial performance market in Guangdong was very lively. In addition to the above concerts that have been announced, there are also a large number of concerts that have been confirmed to be held, but the specific dates and information have not been announced. According to the Yangcheng Evening News reporter, the concerts of Mayday, Five People, Zhang Shaohan, Zhang Xinzhe, Li Ronghao, Tan Yilin and others have all been approved; Liang Jingru and Wu Bai’s tours have also included Guangzhou or Shenzhen in the list of tour cities.

　　June 10

　　● Li Ronghao "Across the World" Tour Concert Guangzhou Station

　　Guangdong Olympic Sports Center Stadium

　　June 10

　　● Zhang Shaohan 2023 "Fable" Tour Concert Guangzhou Station

　　Guangzhou Haixin Sha Asian Games Park

　　June 17

　　● Zhang Xinzhe 2023 "Future 2.0" Tour Concert Shenzhen Station

　　Shenzhen Bay Sports Center "Spring Cocoon" Stadium

　　July 8

　　● Alan Tam Classic Legend Tour Guangzhou Station

　　Guangzhou Haixin Sha Asian Games Park

　　July 7-9

　　● Mayday "2023 I really want to see you" Shenzhen concert

　　Shenzhen Longgang Universiade Center Stadium

　　August to September

　　The first New World Tour for five people

　　Shenzhen Bay Sports Center Gymnasium, Guangzhou Gymnasium Hall 1

　　October 21

　　● Li Ronghao "Across the World" Tour Concert Shenzhen Station

　　Shenzhen Bay Sports Center "Spring Cocoon" Stadium

　　October 21

　　● Zhang Shaohan 2023 "Fable" Tour Concert Jiangmen Station

　　Jiangmen Binjiang Sports Center Stadium

　　December 9th, please.

　　● Zhang Shaohan 2023 "Fable" Tour Concert Zhuhai Station

　　Zhuhai Sports Center Stadium

　　Time and venue to be determined:

　　● Wubai and CHINA BLUE "ROCK STAR 2023" Tour Guangzhou Station

　　● Liang Jingru 2023 "When We Talk About Love" World Tour Guangzhou Station, Shenzhen Station

　　(Source: Guangdong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism website, credit Guangdong platform)

On March 24, Beijing time, the international scientific journal Nature published a major achievement in the form of a cover article by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany in collaboration with Dr. Maosheng and Professor Hans-Walter Rix. Based onGuo Shoujing Telescope, a major national scientific and technological infrastructure operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(LAMOST) andESA Astrometry Satellite Gaia Telescope(Gaia) sky survey data, researchers have obtained the most accurate large sample of stellar age information to date, clearly reconstructing the formation and evolution of the Milky Way during its infancy and adolescence according to the time series, rewriting people’s understanding of the early formation history of the Milky Way.

The age of a star is one of the most difficult physical quantities to accurately measure in astronomy.

The beautiful and vast Milky Way in the night sky has aroused countless imagination and endless exploration since ancient times. Our Milky Way is an ordinary disk galaxy in countless cosmic islands. Like other similar galaxies, it has integrated hundreds of billions of stars over the past ten billion years. These stars are mainly distributed in the Milky Way’s halo and silver disk, which in turn includes a geometrically relatively thick disk and a relatively thin and more extended disk. However, when did the Milky Way’s halo and Milky Way disk form, and how did they assemble and evolve into today’s colorful galaxy?It has always been a scientific mystery that astronomers urgently need to solve.It is also the main scientific goal of a large-scale astronomical survey program for multiple ground and space telescopes around the world.

LAMOST publishes tens of millions of star spectra, becoming the cornerstone of the digital galaxy. The Gaia satellite launched by ESA provides maps of the positions and movements of 1.40 billion stars. This perfect combination provides astronomers with a unique advantage in tracing the integration and evolution history of the Milky Way. To Dr. Maosheng and Professor Rix based on LAMOST and Gaia data,High-quality data samples containing 250,000 subgiant stars were constructed and their precise ages were obtained.The age of a star is the most difficult physical quantity to accurately determine, and it can also be said to be one of the most difficult physical quantities to accurately measure in the field of astronomy.

Thanks to the LAMOST Milky Way Survey and other international sky surveys, obtaining the ages of large samples of stars has become a reality in the past few years. However, the typical age error of large samples of stars obtained by previous studies is 20% or more, and the star samples that achieve 10% age determination accuracy are very small, and the space and parameter range of the samples are also very limited. Using the LAMOST spectroscopic big data, the atmospheric parameters of 7 million stars were accurately determined in the Lush, and combined with the Gaia data, high-precision stellar luminosity and orbital kinematics parameters were obtained. 250,000 subgiant stars were selected from these 7 million stars, and their precise ages were determined.The average age accuracy of the sample is 7%.The metal element abundance coverage ranges from -2.5 (one-300th of the metal content of the sun) to 0.5 (three times the metal content of the sun), with a space coverage of 30,000 light-years. This is the first time that such a large sample of stars has been obtained within such a vast space and stellar metal abundance range of the Milky Way. It has successfully broken through the limitations of data and taken a landmark step for the study of the history of the formation and evolution of the Milky Way.

[The first "clear picture" of the history of the formation of the Milky Way]

Based on their motional characteristics and chemical DNA (elemental abundance), they divided 250,000 stars into two groups: those characterized by the formation of the Milky Way’s extended thin disk during a relatively dynamically quiet process, and those characterized by the formation of the Milky Way’s halo and thick disk during a dynamically violent turbulent process. The research team found that the ages of these two groups of stars, bounded by about 8 billion years, were equally clearly divided into two distinct groups. That is, in terms of time, the integration and evolution history of the Milky Way is divided into two well-defined stages, the early stage from 13 billion years ago to 8 billion years ago and the late stage from 8 billion years ago to the present. The early stage formed the Milky Way’s thick disk and halo, and the late stage formed the Milky Way’s thin disk.

The ultra-high temporal resolution allowed the research team to obtain a clear picture of the early integration and augmentation of the Milky Way: stars in the Milky Way’s thick disk have been forming since 13 billion years ago, just 800 million years after the Big Bang (corresponding to a cosmological redshift of 7). The oldest thick disk stars are even about 1 billion-2 billion years older than the stars in the Milky Way’s inner halo. The inner halo structure of the Milky Way is thought to be mainly caused by the collision of the Hundred-Handed Giant Enceladus Dwarf Galaxy (GSE) into the Milky Way and were accreted and formed in time. That is,The early thick disk formed 1 billion-2 billion years before the main stellar halo structure we see today, refreshing conventional knowledge of the galaxy’s early formation history.

Diagram of the early formation and evolution of the Milky Way:138Billions of years ago, the Big Bang.130Billions of years ago, thick plates began to form,110Million years ago, the halo formed.80Hundreds of millions of years ago, the Milky Way’s thin disk formed. (Image source: Yu Jingchuan)

After further investigation, Xiang Maosheng et al. also found that although the formation of the thick disk lasted for about 5 billion years from 13 billion years ago to 8 billion years ago, the metal content increased by 30 times. However, although the cycle lasted for 5 billion years, most of the thick disk stars formed in a concentrated explosion about 11 billion years ago. At the same time, they found that the merger of the dwarf galaxy GSE and the early Milky Way occurred about 11 billion years ago, which is 1 billion years earlier than previously thought. The two ages are highly consistent, which the research team believes is no accident, but strongly suggests that the star formation activity of the thick disk was significantly stimulated by the GSE impact event.

The gas that formed the thick disk stars was exhausted about 8 billion years ago, and the formation of the thick disk stopped. Around the same time, new gas began to gather from around the Milky Way into a thinner disk to form the Milky Way’s thin disk stars. The thin disk formation process continues to this day. At this point, a precise image of the formation and evolution of the early Milky Way on a timeline is presented, Nature journalThe reviewers’ evaluation of this result is the first to provide such a clear picture of the history of the galaxy’s formation.The Milky Way, as a representative of ordinary galaxies, is a key laboratory for our study of the formation and evolution of ordinary galaxies in the universe, which can help astronomers trace the fascinating stories that have taken place from the very early universe to today.