标签： 杭州西湖妃子阁

As early as 13,000 years ago BC, human beings lived and multiplied in the Ohio Canyon, and in the long years that followed, it gradually became an important distribution area for Indian tribes in North America. The name "Ohi-yo" comes from the Iroquois language, which means "great river" or "huge stream". The big river here refers to the famous Ohio River.

The State of Ohio is a state in the midwest of the United States. Geographically, the state is adjacent to Pennsylvania in the east, Michigan in the northwest, Ontario in Canada in the north through Lake Erie in the Great Lakes, and Indiana, West Virginia and Kentucky in the west, southwest and south. With its unique geographical location, especially near the Great Lakes, Ohio has become a very important transportation and trade hub in North America. A large number of freight and business traffic need to pass through its developed and perfect expressway system. Ohio currently has the tenth largest highway network in the United States, and the population and manufacturing capacity within a day’s drive reach 50% and 70% of the United States. Relying on the 502-kilometer waterway boundary brought by Lake Erie, Ohio has established many excellent ports in the north. Among the 50 states in the United States, Ohio ranks 34th in area, 7th in population and top 10 in population density. The state capital and largest city is Columbia. Interestingly, Ohio is rich in a kind of "Buckeye Tree", which bears fruit quite similar to chestnuts, hence the nickname "Buckeye State".

Ohio has been gradually incorporated into the global economic system since the 18th century. European colonists started fur business there, especially France established a control system for fur trade in Ohio. Until 1754, there was a large-scale war between Britain and France, which was called the French-Indian War in North America and the Seven Years’ War in continental Europe. Finally, with the signing of the Paris Treaty between Britain and France, France ceded Ohio and some northwest colonies to Britain. But not long after, a series of rebel movements broke out in Ohio, endangering the rule of British colonists. With the victory of the North American War of Independence, Britain surrendered all control of Ohio.

According to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the United States established the Northwest Territory, in which slavery was prohibited. According to the Northwest Regulations, as long as all areas in the territory reach the standard of 60,000 people, they can be established as states. Although by December 1801, the population of Ohio was only 45,000, according to the population growth in this area, the U.S. Congress believed that Ohio would soon meet the standards for statehood, so Ohio could start the statehood process. On February 19th, 1803, Thomas Jefferson, then President of the United States, signed the bill of Congress, ratified the border and constitution of Ohio, making it the 17th state of the United States. However, it is worth noting that the US Congress did not adopt a formal resolution to recognize this fact at that time. This oversight was not discovered until 1953, when Ohio coincided with the 150th anniversary of joining the Union. George H. Bender, a congressman from Ohio, submitted a bill to Congress, asking Congress to identify the date of the establishment of Ohio retroactively. On August 7 of that year, President Eisenhower signed a congressional resolution, which officially recognized March 1, 1803 as the establishment day of Ohio, because this day was the day when the first Ohio Parliament opened.

During the American Civil War, Ohio played an important role in the war because of its geographical location and large population. The state’s waterway and land transportation became the logistics supply line of the Northern Union. In addition, compared with other States, Ohio had the highest proportion of people participating in the war. According to an American historian’s estimation, about 35,000 Ohio soldiers were killed in the battlefield, and more than 30,000 others were seriously injured. By the end of the war, all three top federal generals-Ulysses Grant, William Sherman and Philip Sheridan-were from Ohio.

In addition to its outstanding contribution in the Civil War, Ohio also plays an extremely important role in American politics. It ranks with Virginia as the state that has produced the most American presidents so far, so it is known as the "hometown of presidents". Seven presidents, from President ulysses Grant to President Warren Harding, were born in Ohio. Coincidentally, they all came from the Republican Party. President william henry harrison spent most of his life in Ohio and was buried here after his death. In addition, Ohio is not only the cradle of the birth of the president, but also one of the most important swing states in recent decades. Now any politician who tries to enter the White House will regard Ohio as a battleground. Statistics show that since 1964, all the candidates who won Ohio have been elected president, and since the end of the American Civil War, Ohio has voted for the final winner 33 times in 37 general elections.

In addition to cultivating many outstanding politicians, Ohio has also written a book on human aerospace. On the quarter coin in Ohio, the images of the plane used by the Wright brothers for the first flight in human history and an astronaut are on the left and right respectively. The background of the pattern is the geographical outline of Ohio. On the left side of the coin is also engraved a sentence: "Birthplace of aviation pioneers". Interestingly, the design of this coin has attracted a lot of controversy. First, North Carolina, where the Wright brothers conducted flight tests, naturally regarded itself as the starting point of human aviation, which made the design of Ohio inevitably similar to that of North Carolina. Secondly, according to the relevant laws of the United States, people who are still alive can’t be used as the design material of the image on the coin, and John Glenn and Neil Armstrong, the first two famous astronauts in Ohio, even attended the issuing ceremony of the Ohio quarter. Although the astronaut image on the coin does not depict which astronaut in detail, the coin design is still suspected of violating the legal provisions.

In any case, these controversies can’t conceal Ohio’s outstanding contribution in cultivating its own aerospace heroes, especially the legendary chapter written by Green and Armstrong in the human aerospace industry. John green was born in Cambridge, Ohio in 1921. After graduating from college, Green served in the United States Marine Corps, participated in the Second World War and the Korean War, and later became a test pilot in the Navy. In 1957, Green set an intercontinental flight speed record by flying a fighter plane model F8U. It took him only 3 hours and 23 minutes to fly from LA to new york. Two years later, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) selected Green as one of the seven astronauts in the Mercury project, which made him destined to become a household name in American aerospace history.

In the history of human space flight, the Soviet Union and the United States once launched a soul-stirring competition in the 1950s and 1960s. Soviet astronaut yuri gagarin became the first man to go into space. The first astronaut to orbit the earth also came from the Soviet Union. This honor belongs to Germain Dimov, who achieved this great achievement on August 6th, 1961. It was not until the spring and summer of 1961 that American astronauts Alan Shepard and Virgil Grissom achieved sub-earth orbit flight and became the first American astronauts to go into space. For Green, his goal is to be the first American to orbit the earth. On February 20th, 1962, he took the project mercury Friendship 7 spacecraft to orbit the earth for three times, with the maximum height of 162 miles above the ground and the circling speed of 17,500 miles per hour. This is a very important achievement for Americans who are eager to catch up in this epic space race.

But few people know the hardships behind Green’s achievement. First of all, a fault in the automatic control system of the space plane made the plane deviate from the course, and Green had to turn to manual control to keep the plane at a relatively suitable height. Secondly, a sensor failure caused the system to remind Green that the space shuttle should be protected from overheating. Finally, the cushion used for landing failed to open completely. In a word, at the end of the five-hour flight and finally landed in the Pacific Ocean, Green felt extremely lucky that he could complete the task. In recognition of his feat, more than four million people in new york lined the streets to welcome Green and held a ribbon parade for him. With the reputation of being an astronaut, Green served as a senator in the United States Senate for 25 consecutive years. Until 1998, at the age of 77, he returned to space on the "Discovery" spacecraft, thus becoming the oldest human to fly in space and writing his name into the history of human development again.

Green’s achievements greatly boosted the morale of the whole United States. In his State of the Union address to Congress, then President John F. Kennedy promised to send American astronauts to the moon and return safely within ten years. This bold idea is undoubtedly ambitious. President Kennedy also said a famous motto to NASA officials and scientists: "We chose to go to the moon and achieve other great things in this era, not because of how easy they are, but because of how difficult they are."

Neil armstrong, born in Wapakoneta, Ohio in 1930, was finally chosen for the historic mission of landing on the moon. Armstrong graduated from Purdue University, then served as a naval pilot from 1949 to 1952, and participated in 78 battles in the Korean War. After the war, Amsterdam became a member of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor of NASA, and served as a research and test pilot. In 1962, Armstrong became an astronaut, and four years later, he became the flight commander of Gemini 8. In this mission, Armstrong successfully completed the task of docking two aircrafts in the space station, which laid a solid foundation for his later participation in the Apollo Mission.

In the history of human exploration of space, there are not only shining moments, but also regrettable and sad moments. Success and failure are always intertwined, and for those astronauts who have just entered the aerospace industry with recent success, unknown risks are always with them. If they are not careful, they will not only "make a difference by a mile", but even die for it. On January 27th, 1967, in an experiment of an aircraft simulating landing on the moon on the earth’s surface, three astronauts of Apollo 1, Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee, died unfortunately because of a fire caused by oxygen leakage in the cabin. In the aircraft cabin, the pressure difference caused by the fire made the door firmly closed, and the three astronauts had no chance to escape. This accident was deeply imprinted on Armstrong’s mind.

On July 16th, 1969, Armstrong and two other astronauts, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins, took off from Cape Canaveral and officially started Apollo 11′ s lunar exploration journey. After three days’ flight, the Eagle module piloted by Armstrong and aldrin is ready to land in the "Sea of Tranquility" on the surface of the moon. When Eagle landed, a series of alarms sounded, reminding astronauts and mission control center in Houston, Texas that the computer data of the spacecraft’s basic control system was seriously overloaded. Aldrin ignored these warnings and took manual control to gradually guide the landing. As they approached the surface of the moon, the two astronauts found that the landing site was covered with pebbles. In order to land safely, aldrin can only keep the Eagle at an altitude of about 270 feet until they find a safer landing site. Three minutes later, they finally landed safely on the moon. It was extremely thrilling that they only had less than 7 seconds of fuel left at this time.

Everything that happened afterwards became a classic in human history: Armstrong became the first human to land on the surface of the moon. He and aldrin displayed an American flag on the moon, and also displayed a plaque engraved with words, which read: "The human from the earth landed on the moon for the first time, in July 1969. We come for the peace of all mankind. " Armstrong uttered a famous saying that resounded throughout the twentieth century: "This is a small step for individuals and a big step for all mankind!" After staying on the surface of the moon for 12 hours, Armstrong and aldrin left the moon to join Collins in orbit and return to Earth together. On July 24, 1969, the Apollo 11 return module landed in the Pacific Ocean. Nixon, then president of the United States, praised the three space heroes: "Because of your contribution, today, heaven has become a part of the human world." Looking back on this period of history, everyone will sincerely admire: Ohio is truly the hometown of heroes who gave birth to aerospace pioneers.　

[Global Times Comprehensive Report] Russian President Vladimir Putin and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un held talks at the Oriental Space Launch Site in Amur, Russia on the 13th. This is the first time that the two countries have held leaders’ talks since April 2019. Putin said that the cooperation with North Korea in the space field is the reason why he and Kim Jong-un came to the Eastern Launch Site. "North Korean leaders are very interested in rocket equipment and are also trying to develop space technology", while Russia "will help North Korea conduct space exploration and rocket construction". After the extensive talks between Russian and North Korean leaders and senior officials, Russian Presidential Press Secretary peskov told the media that the "all-round" relationship between Russia and North Korea "includes the exchange of views on military technical cooperation and security". Russian media believe that the meeting between Putin and Kim Jong-un is a signal to the United States and its allies, "let the United States, Japan and South Korea understand that they should not try to launch military provocations."

Kim Jong-un is "very interested" in rocket equipment

According to a report by RIA Novosti on the 13th, Putin held a welcoming ceremony for Kim Jong-un at the Oriental Space Launch Site and had a brief conversation. The two heads of state inspected the construction process of the launch pad of the angara rocket and the launcher of the Soyuz -2 rocket at the Oriental Space Launch Site. According to the report, Putin replied in response to a reporter’s question about whether Russia will help North Korea build artificial satellites. "This is why we came to the Eastern Launch Site. North Korean leaders are very interested in rocket equipment, and North Korea is also trying to develop space technology.". In addition, when Putin answered the question "whether he will discuss military technology cooperation with the North Korean leader", he said that he would "discuss all issues in sequence, and there is plenty of time" with the North Korean leader. The live video shows that during the visit, Kim Jong-un asked questions from time to time to the Russian interpreters. According to RIA Novosti, Kim Jong-un is "particularly interested in the operating principle, fuel characteristics and falling objects of launch vehicles".

Putin and Kim Jong-un then held formal talks. According to the Itar-Tass news agency reported on the 13th, the meeting place is located in the engineering workshop of the Soyuz -2 carrier rocket at the Eastern Space Launch Site. During the talks, Putin said that the meeting with Kim Jong-un coincided with the special time of the 75th anniversary of the founding of North Korea, and the Soviet Union was the first country to recognize North Korea. I hope to discuss economic cooperation, the situation on the peninsula and humanitarian issues at this meeting. Kim Jong-un said that developing relations with Russia is the priority direction of North Korea, and the DPRK will work with Russia to fight imperialism. North Korea supports all Russian decisions and hopes to continue to develop bilateral relations. Russian satellite news agency said that the Russian delegation attending the talks included three deputy prime ministers, Foreign Minister Lavrov, Defense Minister shoigu, Transport Minister Savilev and Minister of Natural Resources kozlov.

Itar-Tass reported that after extensive talks between the two sides, Putin and Kim Jong-un held one-on-one talks and had lunch together, which lasted for more than five hours. Peskov said that after the talks, the leaders of Russia and the DPRK will not sign any documents such as the joint declaration. After the talks, Putin said that the Russian Federation abides by its international obligations, but it is possible to cooperate within the framework of rules. In addition, he and Kim Jong-un also discussed the development of agricultural relations. Putin revealed that Kim Jong-un will next visit Komsomolsk-on-Amur to visit factories that produce civilian and military equipment.

Putin and Kim Jong-un attended a formal banquet after their talks. The banquet dishes included duck fig nectarine salad, Kamchatka crab jiaozi, grass carp fish soup, sturgeon with mushrooms and potatoes, beef ribs with roasted vegetables and so on.

It is worth noting that the South Korean Joint Staff Headquarters said on the 13th that North Korea launched two short-range ballistic missiles from Shun ‘an area in Pyongyang from 11: 43 am to 11: 53 am that day. The missiles flew about 650 kilometers respectively and then fell into the eastern waters of the Korean Peninsula. The Japanese side also notified the relevant launch actions and said that it had lodged a strong protest with the DPRK. Hong Min, a senior researcher at the Korea Institute of Unification, believes that it is the first time for North Korea to launch missiles during the top leader’s visit, which shows the confidence of the leader in maintaining the military readiness during his visit.

Why did the talks take place at the space launch site?

"The location of the meeting place between Putin and Kim Jong-un is of great significance." On 13th, CNN quoted easley, a professor of international studies at Ewha Women’s University in South Korea, as saying that the new generation of Russian spacecraft will be launched from the Oriental Space Launch Site. Choosing this meeting place shows that Russia may provide satellite launching technology to North Korea in exchange for providing arms to Russia. South Korea’s "Central Daily News" said that South Korean public opinion is generally worried that there will be some kind of weapons transaction between the DPRK and Russia with complementary interests. North Korea may provide Russia with conventional weapons such as howitzers and mortar shells that the Russian army is waiting for, and ask Russia to transfer core technologies such as intercontinental ballistic missiles, nuclear-powered submarines and reconnaissance satellites that North Korea urgently needs. The American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) said that if Russia and North Korea really reach an arms agreement, it will be easy to implement, and the relevant transportation delivery can be quickly delivered to each other’s territory through the railway line between North Korea’s Luojin and Russian Far East Hassan.

"North Korea has given up its efforts to improve relations with the United States in the past 30 years and should start a new era of relations with Russia?" South Korea’s "Jingxiang News" said on the 13th that with the Russian-DPRK leaders’ talks held at the Russian Oriental Space Launch Site, some analysts believe that this seems to mean that North Korea has given up the normalization of relations with the United States that it has been promoting for the past 30 years and entered a new era with close substantive relations with Russia. Nan Chengxu, a former South Korean intelligence official, said that Russia is facing a situation of insufficient weapons stocks, and North Korea is facing joint military pressure from the United States, Japan and South Korea. Therefore, military cooperation is "win-win" for the DPRK and Russia and fully conforms to the interests of both sides. The Russian "Life" news network reported on the 13th that Jin Yongyong, a scholar of the Russian Academy of Sciences, said that the meeting between Putin and Kim Jong-un was a signal to the United States and its allies not to let the situation in East Asia deteriorate. "Russia and the DPRK are in the same trench in the struggle against the unipolar world. Let the United States, Japan and South Korea understand that they should not try to launch military provocations."

"Russia is ready for a long war"

On the occasion of the talks between the leaders of Russia and the DPRK, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine is still deadlocked. RIA Novosti reported on the 13th that Lazwozayev, mayor of Sevastopol, the Black Sea port, posted on social media that on the morning of the 13th local time, an air strike launched by Ukraine in Crimea caused a fire at Sevastopol Shipyard, and at least 24 people were injured. The Russian Defense Ministry said that Ukraine launched 10 cruise missiles at Sevastopol, 7 of which were intercepted and two Russian ships were damaged. In addition, three Ukrainian unmanned boats were also destroyed. The Wall Street Journal quoted satellite images as saying that the attacked Russian warships may be a Kilo-class submarine and a Luopu-class landing ship.

According to a report by the Ukrainian Independent News Agency on the 13th, the Russian army carried out a large-scale drone attack on the southern residential area of Odessa in the early morning. In four and a half hours, the Ukrainian air defense forces shot down 32 drones. Russian military attacks caused many injuries and damaged ports and civil infrastructure. Putin said in his speech on the 12th that Ukraine has no sincerity in peace talks. Ukraine will only talk about peace when manpower, equipment and ammunition are exhausted, and use any truce opportunity to "replenish resources and restore combat capability". Putin said that Russia is ready for a long war.

"The 567-day Russian-Ukrainian conflict has now become a proxy war between the ROK and the DPRK?" South Korea’s "Seoul News" said that if Russia and the DPRK reach an agreement on arms trade, then South Korea is also likely to implement large-scale military assistance to Ukraine. If Korea and North Korea are indirectly involved in the war by helping their allies again, the situation on the peninsula may fall into darkness.

[Special correspondent of Global Times in Russia and South Korea Xiao Xinxin Linsen Special correspondent of Global Times Liu Zhi Yu Xiang]