Experts Interpret Vocational Education Law

Promoting the rule of law in education is to guide and standardize all kinds of subject behaviors through educational laws. Focusing on the basic orientation of "vocational education is as important as general education", the new Vocational Education Law clearly defines the educational rights, obligations and responsibilities of the government, schools, society, teachers and students, comprehensively supervises the performance of duties and responsibilities of various subjects through the rule of law, effectively adjusts and balances various contradictions in the reform and development of vocational education through the rule of law, and strives to build a vocational education rule of law in which the government governs education according to law, schools run schools according to law, society participates according to law, teachers teach according to law, and students receive education according to law.

(A) the government governing education according to law, straighten out the management system and mechanism.

Vocational education is diverse in types, subjects and groups, so it is necessary to strengthen overall planning. The government is the core subject of vocational education management. Through administration according to law, the government has its own position, duties and responsibilities, forming a macro-orderly and micro-resultant system and mechanism, improving governance efficiency and injecting inexhaustible power into the development of vocational education.

1. Strengthen coordination at the national level.

The development of vocational education is a complex social system project, which needs to strengthen overall coordination to avoid fragmented policies and multi-head management. In 2018, the State Council approved the establishment of an inter-ministerial joint conference system for vocational education in the State Council, and established an overall coordination mechanism for vocational education at the national level, bringing together the efforts of various departments to promote the development of vocational education. The new "Vocational Education Law" clearly states that "the State Council will establish a coordination mechanism for vocational education and coordinate the national vocational education as a whole", and legalizes the inter-ministerial joint conference system for vocational education in the State Council. At the same time, it is clear that the Ministry of Education is responsible for the overall planning, comprehensive coordination and macro-management of vocational education, and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and other relevant departments are responsible for the relevant vocational education work within the scope of responsibilities stipulated by the State Council.

2. Strengthen overall management at the provincial level.

China has a vast territory, the uneven development among regions is insufficient, and the industrial structure and labor market structure are quite different between different regions. Therefore, since the reform and opening up, China has gradually formed a vocational education governance mechanism with hierarchical management by the central and local governments and overall planning by the local governments. The new Vocational Education Law further strengthens the overall planning power of provincial governments, stipulating that provincial people’s governments can integrate and optimize the responsibilities of vocational education of the people’s governments of cities and counties with districts according to law, unify management departments, and make overall plans for the development of vocational education in the region. In addition, the development of high-quality vocational education can’t just stay in words and on paper. The new law makes it clear that the investment in vocational education should meet the needs of vocational education development, and requires the provincial people’s government to formulate the standard of per capita funding or public funding for vocational schools in the region. The organizers of vocational schools allocate funds on time and in full according to the standard of per capita funding or public funding, continuously improve the conditions for running schools, and form a guarantee mechanism of key support and local responsibility.

3. Thick planting and developing soil at the social level

In the process of building a government ruled by law, it is particularly important to grasp the value orientation of administrative legislation. The new Vocational Education Law focuses on building a skilled society and planting the soil for the reform and development of vocational education. It clearly puts forward that the state should establish and improve the certification, accumulation and conversion mechanism of credits, qualifications and other learning achievements of school education and vocational training at all levels, promote the construction of a national credit bank for vocational education, and promote the integration and mutual recognition of learning achievements of vocational education and general education. The academic certificate, training certificate, vocational qualification certificate and vocational skill grade certificate are regarded as the important credentials for the educated, and the social status and treatment of technical and skilled talents are emphasized, so as to create a good social atmosphere in which everyone works hard to become a talent, everyone can become a talent and everyone can give full play to their talents.

(B) schools run schools according to law, expanding the weight of independent education.

School is the main body of vocational education and the core unit to promote the reform of vocational education. The new "Vocational Education Law" puts forward clear requirements for the basic conditions, establishment standards, leadership system, management methods and school-enterprise cooperation of vocational schools, which points out the path for vocational schools to run schools according to law.

First, in the direction of running a school, the new Vocational Education Law emphasizes that we must adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), adhere to the socialist direction of running a school, and implement the national education policy. To run vocational education well, we must answer the fundamental question of who to train, how to train people and for whom. Vocational schools should regard the leadership of the Party as the fundamental guarantee for running a high-quality school, take the socialist direction as the fundamental requirement, fully implement the Party’s educational policy, cultivate socialist builders and successors with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor, ensure the continuous development and innovation of vocational education with China characteristics in the right direction, and constantly strengthen the road confidence of vocational education with China characteristics.

Second, in the mode of educating people, the new Vocational Education Law emphasizes adhering to moral education, combining morality and skills, adhering to the integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation, adhering to market orientation, promoting employment, adhering to practice orientation, strengthening ability, and adhering to teaching everyone in accordance with their aptitude. Adhering to the principle of cultivating people by virtue and combining morality with skill is to unswervingly cultivate people with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, and to promote the integration and unification of ideological and political education and technical skills training. Adhering to the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation means innovating the system and mechanism, improving the governance structure, cooperating with industry organizations and enterprises in depth, and jointly promoting professional construction, curriculum reform, training base construction and professional teaching material development, so as to form a development pattern of benign interaction between education and industry and complementary advantages of schools and enterprises. Insisting on facing the market and promoting employment means highlighting the guiding role of market demand, promoting the precise connection between school specialty setting and talent training and market demand, and providing students with employment and entrepreneurship services such as career planning, career experience and job search guidance in various forms to enhance their employment and entrepreneurship ability. Persisting in facing practice and strengthening ability means taking the combination of work and study as the basic way to train talents in vocational education, strengthening the integration of teaching, learning and practice, implementing the combination of education and training, practicing the integration of knowledge and practice, broadening career horizons and increasing social experience, so that more young people can realize their life value with their skills. Insisting on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is to regard vocational education as an important way to serve lifelong learning for all.Provide support services for different groups to learn re-employment, study after employment, study while working, and promote mutual learning and employment.

Third, in terms of self-management, the new Vocational Education Law emphasizes that vocational schools should be self-managed according to the articles of association, stipulating that schools can independently set up majors, select teaching materials, set up learning systems, adjust the length of schooling, and select teachers according to law, so as to promote vocational schools to adapt to market demand and run schools more flexibly, enhance the endogenous motivation and enthusiasm of running schools, and strive to improve the adaptability of vocational education personnel training.

(C) Social participation in accordance with the law, the establishment of a diversified pattern of running schools

Vocational education is most closely and directly related to economic and social development. To run vocational education well, we must give full play to the important role of social forces in vocational education development. The new Vocational Education Law stipulates that the state encourages the development of various levels and forms of vocational education, and strives to build a diversified school-running pattern with deep participation of social forces.

First, in terms of the main body of running a school, the new Vocational Education Law stipulates that education departments and industry authorities can hold vocational education, social forces can also participate in vocational education extensively and equally, and group organizations, industry organizations and institutions should also fulfill their obligations to implement vocational education and participate in, support or carry out vocational education. The new law places special emphasis on giving full play to the important role of enterprises in running schools, promoting enterprises to deeply participate in vocational education, and encouraging enterprises to hold high-quality vocational education.

Second, in the form of running a school, it can be held independently, can participate in it, and can also set up apprenticeship posts according to a certain proportion of the total number of posts to train apprentices for newly recruited employees, on-the-job employees and transferred employees, or jointly recruit students with vocational schools to train apprentices by combining work with study. The new law encourages and supports enterprises with technical skills, especially enterprises with integration of production and education, to cooperate with vocational schools and vocational training institutions to jointly build a high-level, professional, open and shared practice and training base with integration of production and education.

Third, in terms of participation content, the new Vocational Education Law proposes that enterprises can set up full-time or part-time positions to implement vocational education, and promote industry enterprises to deeply participate in the whole process of professional setting, teaching material development, training plan formulation, quality evaluation and practice training base construction of vocational schools. Encourage industry organizations and enterprises to participate in the development of vocational education textbooks, incorporate new technologies, new processes and new ideas into vocational school textbooks, and dynamically update them through loose-leaf textbooks and other means.

Fourth, in terms of social responsibility, the new Vocational Education Law emphasizes that the situation of vocational education carried out by enterprises should be included in the corporate social responsibility report. Enterprises should carry out vocational education for their employees and those who are going to recruit in a planned way, and implement the training and induction system in accordance with relevant state regulations. Industry departments and industry organizations to carry out talent demand forecasting, career development research and information consulting, and guide schools to be close to the market, close to the industry, close to the professional setting, and run schools in accordance with the laws of the industrial system and the market system.

Fifth, in terms of encouragement and guidance, strengthen the right of enterprises to run schools, and enterprises can use capital, technology, knowledge, facilities, equipment, venues and management to run schools. We will strengthen policy incentives for enterprises, reward enterprises that are deeply involved in the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation in accordance with regulations, give financial, financial and land support to enterprises that meet the requirements and identify them as integration of production and education, and implement additional education fees, additional reductions and exemptions for local education and other tax and fee concessions.

(D) Teachers teach according to law and improve the teacher security system.

Teachers are the first resource to develop vocational education and the key force to support the national vocational education reform in the new era. The new Vocational Education Law emphasizes that the state guarantees the rights of vocational education teachers and improves their professional quality and social status.

First, in terms of quality improvement, it is not only required that the people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments should incorporate the training of vocational education teachers into the teacher team construction plan and strengthen the professional training of vocational education teachers; Moreover, it is proposed to establish and improve the training system of vocational education teachers at the national level, encourage the establishment of specialized vocational education normal colleges, support colleges and universities to set up related majors, train vocational education teachers, and encourage industry organizations and enterprises to participate in the training of vocational education teachers.

Second, in terms of teachers’ staffing, the basic standards for the staffing of vocational schools, the post setting of teachers, and the post evaluation and employment system are established. It is specifically proposed that public vocational schools can use a certain proportion of the teaching staff to recruit professional and technical personnel and skilled personnel as full-time or part-time teachers, and encourage the hiring of skilled masters, skilled craftsmen, and representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage as full-time and part-time teachers. Professional teachers in vocational schools (including practice instructors) should have a certain number of years of corresponding work experience or practical experience, and reach the corresponding level of technical skills. Qualified business management and professional and technical personnel of enterprises and institutions, as well as other personnel with professional knowledge or special skills, who have passed the education and teaching ability training, may serve as full-time or part-time professional course teachers in vocational schools; Those who have obtained the qualifications of teachers may be appointed as corresponding teachers according to their technical titles. Obtaining the qualification of professional teachers in vocational schools can reduce the academic requirements as appropriate.

Third, in terms of salary incentives, a certain proportion of the income earned by vocational schools and vocational training institutions from school-enterprise cooperation, providing social services, or organizing enterprises and conducting business activities for the purpose of internship and training can be used to pay the labor remuneration of teachers, enterprise experts, external employees and educatees, and can also be used as a source of performance pay. Those who meet the national regulations are not limited by the total performance pay. Special education teachers engaged in vocational education for the disabled enjoy special education allowance in accordance with regulations.

(five) students are educated according to law, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of students.

For a long time, vocational education has been regarded as "inferior". After graduating from junior high school, the access to secondary vocational schools is narrow and the opportunity cost is high. Vocational school graduates encounter academic discrimination when taking public examinations, recruiting public institutions and taking postgraduate entrance examinations. These problems reflect the protection of students’ rights and interests in vocational education. The new "Vocational Education Law" faces the problem directly, making it clear that the legitimate rights and interests of students in vocational schools are protected by law, so that students can achieve employment ability, advantages in further studies and channels for development through receiving vocational education.

The first is the internship rights. It is a special requirement and obligation for students in vocational schools to participate in internship training. In view of the problems existing in practice, such as treating students as cheap labor and infringing on their legal rights during internship, the new Vocational Education Law stipulates that students have the rights to enjoy rest and vacation, obtain labor safety and health protection, participate in relevant insurance and receive vocational skills guidance during internship, and clearly stipulates that students who take up internships should sign internship agreements and give them appropriate labor remuneration.

The second is the right to go to school. The new "Vocational Education Law" clarifies that higher vocational school education is implemented by higher vocational schools and ordinary colleges and universities with junior college, undergraduate and above education levels. This shows that students in vocational schools can not only go to junior college, but also go to undergraduate and even graduate school, which has unblocked the development channel of vocational school students from the legal level. The new law also stipulates that the state should establish an examination enrollment system that conforms to the characteristics of vocational education. Higher vocational schools and ordinary colleges and universities that implement vocational education should determine the corresponding proportion in the enrollment plan or adopt a separate examination method to recruit vocational school graduates, which legally guarantees the right of vocational school students to receive high-level vocational education.

The third is to develop rights and interests. The new "Vocational Education Law" clearly puts forward that vocational school students have equal opportunities with ordinary school students at the same level in terms of further studies, employment and career development, and stipulates that people’s governments at all levels should create a fair employment environment, and employers should not set conditions for applying for, hiring and employing vocational school graduates that hinder their equal employment and fair competition. In the open recruitment of public institutions, positions with vocational skill level requirements can be appropriately lowered, so that vocational school graduates can have status and development.

There will be strong winds and cooling weather in the central and eastern regions, and there will be rain and snow in the northeast and other places.

  Cctv newsAccording to the website of the Central Meteorological Observatory, rain and snow occurred in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places during the day, and haze weather occurred in North China, Huanghuai and other places. It is estimated that in the next three days, there will be mild to moderate haze in Huanghuai and other places in North China, and there will be dusty weather in northwest China and other places on the 15th, paying attention to the impact on transportation and human health;

  There is a risk of snowstorm disaster in the eastern part of Northeast China from 15th, paying attention to the impact on transportation, power communication, agriculture and animal husbandry, etc. There is a strong wind cooling in the northwest to the central and eastern regions, so pay attention to the impact on simple facilities, energy supply and maritime shipping.

  First, the weather situation

  1. There is rain and snow in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.

  During the day, there were small to medium snow or sleet in northern Xinjiang, northeastern Inner Mongolia and southern Heilongjiang, and moderate rain or heavy rain in southern Yunnan. In addition, light to moderate haze weather occurred in parts of Guanzhong, Shaanxi, southwestern Shanxi, southern Hebei, and central and northern Henan. Sand-blowing or dusty weather occurs in southern Xinjiang basin, central Gansu, central Inner Mongolia and northwestern Shanxi.

  2. Haze weather occurred in Huanghuai and other places in North China.

  Second, the key weather forecast

  1. There will be strong winds and cool weather in the central and eastern regions.

  During the night of November 14th to 17th, due to the influence of cold air, the temperature in the central and eastern parts of northwest China, the eastern and southern parts of southwest China, and most parts of central and eastern China dropped by 4 ~ 6℃ successively, and the local temperature drop could reach more than 8℃.

  Among them, from 20: 00 on November 14 to 20: 00 on November 15, there will be strong winds of 7-8 grades and gusts of 9 in the Taiwan Province Strait, bashi channel, northern and central South China Sea; There will be strong winds of 5-7 grades and gusts of 8-9 grades in parts of eastern Xinjiang and southern Xinjiang basin, Tibet, central and western Inner Mongolia, northern Gansu, Qinghai and Hainan Island. From 20: 00 on the 15th to 20: 00 on the 16th, there will be strong winds with 7-8 grades and gusts of 9-10 grades in Bohai Sea, Bohai Strait, most of the Yellow Sea, most of the East China Sea, Taiwan Province Strait, east of Taiwan Province, bashi channel, most of the South China Sea, Beibu Gulf and Qiongzhou Strait. Some areas in eastern Inner Mongolia, most of North China, most of Huanghuai and eastern Jianghuai will have strong winds of 5-7 and gusts of 8-9.The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a gale blue warning at 18: 00 on November 14.(See Figure 1 and Figure 2.)。

Figure 1 National Gale Forecast Chart (20: 00 on November 14th-20: 00 on November 15th)

Figure 2 National gale forecast map (20: 00 on November 15th-20: 00 on November 16th)

  2. There is rain and snow in Northeast China and other places.

  From the night of November 14th to 17th, there were small to medium snow or sleet from west to east in parts of the central and eastern parts of northwest China, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. Among them, from the night of 15th to 17th, there were heavy snowstorms in parts of central and eastern Heilongjiang and eastern Jilin.

  Third, the specific forecast for the next three days

  From 20: 00 on November 14th to 20: 00 on November 15th,There are small to medium snow or sleet in parts of central and northeastern northwest China, central and northeastern Inner Mongolia, western and northern North China, northern Sichuan Plateau and northeastern Tibet, and there is heavy snow locally. There are light rains and local moderate rains in parts of the southeastern part of the northwest, most of Henan, most of Hubei, most of Hunan, the eastern part of southwest China, and southern Yunnan. There are 4 ~ 6 winds in parts of the eastern part of northwest China, central and western Inner Mongolia, northern and western North China. There is sand blowing in the central and western Inner Mongolia (see Figure 3).

Figure 3 National Precipitation Forecast Chart (from 20: 00 on November 14th to 20: 00 on November 15th)

  From 20: 00 on November 15th to 20: 00 on November 16th,There are small to medium snow or sleet in parts of central and eastern Inner Mongolia, most of Heilongjiang, central and eastern Jilin, eastern Liaoning and eastern Tibet. Some areas in southern Liaoning, eastern Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, northern Fujian, Jiangxi, eastern Hubei, Hunan, southern Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, north-central Guangxi, northern Guangdong, Hainan Island and Taiwan Province Island have small to moderate rain. There are 5 ~ 7 winds in parts of central and eastern Inner Mongolia, most of North China, Shandong Peninsula and eastern Jiangnan (see Figure 4).

Figure 4 National Precipitation Forecast Chart (from 20: 00 on November 15th to 20: 00 on November 16th)

  From 20: 00 on November 16th to 20: 00 on November 17th,There are small to medium snow or sleet in parts of eastern Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, northern Liaoning and eastern Tibet, among which there are heavy snowstorms in eastern Heilongjiang and northeastern Jilin. There are small to moderate rains in parts of southern Liaoning, southern Sichuan, most of Yunnan, Hainan Island and Taiwan Province Island. There are 5 ~ 7 winds in parts of central and eastern Inner Mongolia, most of Heilongjiang, western Jilin, most of Liaoning, Shandong Peninsula and eastern Jiangnan (see Figure 5).

Figure 5 National Precipitation Forecast Chart (from 20: 00 on November 16th to 20: 00 on November 17th)

The national management guide for prevention and treatment of hypertension at the grass-roots level is coming, and these 10 points need to be known!

Studies have shown that every 10mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure or 5mmHg decrease in diastolic blood pressure will reduce the risk of death by 10%~15%, stroke by 35%, coronary heart disease by 20% and heart failure by 40%. Prevention and control of hypertension is one of the core strategies to curb the prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China.

First, the correct measurement of blood pressure

1. No smoking, drinking coffee or tea within 30 minutes before the measurement, emptying the bladder and resting quietly for at least 5 minutes.

2. Measure the blood pressure of both upper arms at the first visit, and then usually measure the side with higher reading. If the difference between the two measured values exceeds 20mmHg, the possibility of subclavian artery stenosis should be ruled out.

3. Every outpatient service is measured twice, with an interval of 1~2 minutes, and the average value of the two times is recorded. If the difference between the two times is greater than >10mmHg, measure it for the third time, and record the average value of the last two times.

Second, the diagnosis standard of hypertension in clinic and out of clinic

The systolic blood pressure ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90mmHg were found in the first diagnosis, so it is suggested to recheck it twice within 4 weeks, and the diagnosis can be made after three measurements on the same day reach the above diagnostic threshold.

Third, emergency treatment of blood pressure ≥180/110mmHg

1. Clinical symptoms of blood pressure ≥180/110mmHg without acute complications of heart, brain and kidney:

Oral short-acting antihypertensive drugs, such as captopril 12.5~25mg or metoprolol tartrate 25mg, can be given repeatedly after 1 hour, and observed in outpatient clinic until it drops below 180/110mmHg;

Note: it is not recommended to take nifedipine under the tongue to reduce blood pressure quickly.

2. Suggestions for initial diagnosis and referral

1) The blood pressure increased significantly ≥180/110mmHg, which was still uncontrollable after short-term treatment;

2) Suspicion of new cardiac, cerebral and renal complications or other serious clinical conditions;

3) Pregnant and lactating women;

4) onset age < 30 years old;

5) with proteinuria or hematuria;

6) Hypokalemia caused by non-diuretics or low-dose diuretics (blood potassium < 3.5 mmol/L);

7) paroxysmal hypertension with headache, palpitation and hyperhidrosis;

8) The difference of systolic blood pressure between upper limbs is > >20mmHg;;

9) Go to the superior hospital for further examination due to diagnosis.

Fourth, the target of blood pressure reduction

1. General hypertension patients, blood pressure dropped below 140/90mmHg.

2. Patients with diabetes, coronary heart disease, heart failure and chronic kidney disease with proteinuria should have their blood pressure below 130/80mmHg if they can tolerate it;

3.65~79 years old patients’ blood pressure drops below 150/90mmHg, and if they can tolerate it, their blood pressure can further drop below 140/90mmHg;

The blood pressure of patients aged 4.80 and above dropped below 150/90mmHg.

Five, healthy lifestyle trilogy

Six-part healthy lifestyle: limit salt, lose weight and exercise more, and quit smoking and drinking with a calm mind.

Sixth, start the drug treatment opportunity

Once all patients with hypertension are diagnosed, it is suggested to start drug treatment immediately while lifestyle intervention.

Only hypertensive patients with systolic blood pressure < <160mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < <100mmHg without coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, peripheral atherosclerosis, kidney disease or diabetes, doctors can also suspend medication according to the condition and patient’s wishes, and adopt simple lifestyle intervention for up to 3 months. If it still fails to meet the standard, then start drug treatment.

Seven, commonly used antihypertensive drugs and their advantages and disadvantages

1.ACEI and ARB (abbreviation: A)

The two drugs have definite antihypertensive effects, especially for patients with heart failure, post-myocardial infarction, diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and there is sufficient evidence to prove that they can improve the prognosis.

For patients with proteinuria, it can reduce urinary protein and has renal protection, but it is forbidden for patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis, severe renal insufficiency with creatinine (Cr) ≥ 3 mg/dl (265 mol/l) and hyperkalemia.

Pregnant or planned pregnancy patients are prohibited.

Usage, indications, contraindications and adverse reactions of ACEI drugs commonly used in grass-roots units.

Usage, indications, contraindications and adverse reactions of ARB drugs commonly used at grassroots level.

2. Beta blockers (abbreviation: B)

It can reduce the heart rate, especially for patients with high heart rate, and can improve the prognosis for patients with myocardial infarction or heart failure. It can be used for patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris, and can relieve angina symptoms.

However, it should be used with caution in the early stage (within 24 hours) after acute myocardial infarction, and it is not suitable for the acute stage of heart failure (shortness of breath, sitting and breathing, inability to lie down) and should be used after the condition is stable.

It is not recommended to use beta blockers at the primary level in acute phase of myocardial infarction or heart failure.

Alpha-beta blockers, such as carvedilol, arolol and labetalol, which mainly block beta receptors, are also suitable for the above population.

Beta blockers can reduce the heart rate, and are forbidden to patients with severe bradycardia, such as heart rate < 55 beats/min, sick sinus syndrome and second or third degree atrioventricular block.

Patients with bronchial asthma are prohibited.

High-dose application may have an effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, while highly selective β1 receptor blockers and α -β receptor blockers, such as bisoprolol, metoprolol and carvedilol, have little effect on glucose and lipid metabolism.

3.CCB (abbreviation: C)

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine, nifedipine sustained-release tablets or controlled-release tablets, felodipine sustained-release tablets and so on, are most commonly used for lowering blood pressure.

These drugs have strong antihypertensive effect, good tolerance, no absolute contraindication, and relatively wide application range, especially for elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension.

Common adverse reactions include headache, facial flushing, ankle edema, rapid heartbeat and gingival hyperplasia.

4. Diuretics (abbreviation: D)

Thiazine diuretics are commonly used, especially for the elderly, patients with isolated systolic hypertension and heart failure.

The main adverse reaction of thiazide diuretics is hypokalemia, and with the increase of the dosage of diuretics, the incidence of hypokalemia increases accordingly, so it is recommended to use it in small doses, such as hydrochlorothiazide tablets 12.5mg once a day.

Diuretics combined with ACEI or ARB drugs can offset or alleviate the adverse reactions of low potassium.

Thiazine diuretics are generally prohibited in gout patients.

When severe heart failure or chronic renal insufficiency occurs, loop diuretics (such as furosemide) may be needed, and potassium supplementation is needed at the same time. At this time, it is recommended to refer to a higher hospital for further diagnosis and treatment.

Eight, hypertension drug treatment plan

1. Drug treatment scheme for hypertension without complications:

2. Drug treatment plan for hypertension with complications.

Nine, hypertension patients with blood lipid management objectives

The lipid-lowering targets of hypertension complicated with related diseases or conditions are shown in the table below.

Statins are generally well tolerated, but they may cause adverse reactions such as myopathy, rhabdomyolysis and elevated transaminase, and the risk increases with the increase of dose.

The blood lipid, transaminase and creatine kinase should be rechecked within 6 weeks for patients who take the initial drug. After there is no adverse reaction and LDL-C reaches the standard, it can be adjusted to recheck once every 6~12 months.

Ten, long-term follow-up management of hypertension

1. Follow-up frequency

Patients with blood pressure reaching the standard should be followed up at least once every 3 months; Patients whose blood pressure is not up to standard are followed up once every 2~4 weeks.

2. Follow-up content

Whether there are newly diagnosed complications, such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or peripheral atherosclerosis, etc.

Every follow-up should be physical examination (check blood pressure, heart rate, etc., overweight or obese people should monitor their weight and waist circumference), lifestyle evaluation and suggestions, understand drug compliance and adverse reactions, and adjust treatment when necessary.

3. Annual evaluation

All patients should be evaluated once a year.

In addition to routine physical examination, weight and waist circumference should be measured at least once a year.

It is recommended to carry out necessary auxiliary examinations every year, including blood routine, urine routine, biochemistry (creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, blood potassium, blood sodium, blood chlorine, blood sugar and blood lipid) and electrocardiogram. Conditional candidates can do: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, echocardiography, carotid ultrasound, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, chest X-ray, fundus examination, etc.

Author/Gcplive Laiyuan/Drug Evaluation Center

This year’s "double 11", these problems are frequently vomited by consumers

  (Reporter Huang Hongtao) After the "double 11" concentrated promotion, related consumer complaints followed. A few days ago, the Consumer Complaints and Public Opinion Analysis Report of double 11 in 2022 issued by Jiangsu Consumer Protection Committee (hereinafter referred to as the report) pointed out that the price of "double 11" coupons is more expensive, the price protection routine is deep, and the product quality is difficult to guarantee.

  From October 24th to November 17th this year, Jiangsu Consumer Protection Committee received 310 complaints about rights protection during the "double 11" period, involving publicity, pre-sale, price, express logistics and product quality. During the monitoring period, the information of "consumer rights protection" showed a curve fluctuation trend, and the amount of information reached a peak of 3294 on November 11.

  The report pointed out that there were many problems in the promotion and pre-sale of "double 11". During the monitoring period, 8,769 pieces of public opinion information about the promotion and pre-sale were collected, of which 752 pieces were the most on November 11th.

  Some consumers have reported that the price of "double 11" coupons is more expensive than usual. For example, consumer Mr. Wang told Jiangsu Consumer Network that he bought a brand of cat food online on October 7 and paid 193 yuan at that time. On the first day of "double 11" promotion, when he bought it again, he found that he needed to pay 212.9 yuan, which was nearly more expensive than before in 20 yuan. Mr. Wang questioned that it was obviously a big promotion and received coupons. The price did not fall but rose.

  It is difficult to guarantee the quality of products. During the monitoring period, a total of 6,455 pieces of quality public opinion information were collected. For example, on November 5th, a consumer, Mr. Chen, bought a mattress online on a certain platform, and the size of the goods received did not match the ordered size, nor was it the material advertised on the webpage. After his feedback to the merchant, the merchant said that it was not a quality problem. The merchant applying for return only recognized the cost of freight insurance, and Mr. Chen was responsible for the rest. If the consumer failed to negotiate, he complained to the local consumer association in Nantong. After the staff coordinated, the merchant bore the freight and handled the return for the consumer.

  The report also pointed out that during the "double 11" period, some platform price protection rules were deep, with a total of 4,381 pieces of public opinion information about platform rules.

  Among them, November 11th has the largest amount of information, totaling 450. At the beginning of November, Ms. Chen, a consumer, reported to the Provincial Consumer Protection Committee that the price of a certain brand of sweeping robot purchased online was 3,299 yuan, and the price was guaranteed for 15 days. The next day after receiving the goods, she found that the product had the same purchase link price of 2,999 yuan. She immediately applied to the platform for insured price, but was told that a specific activity would not participate in insured price. The consumer doesn’t approve, which means that the page didn’t introduce the insured exception at the time of purchase and didn’t know the rules.

  Express logistics has also been spit out, with a total of 3153 pieces of public opinion information about express logistics. For example, on October 25th, a consumer, Mr. Zhang, bought more than 370 yuan in a platform store. After placing an order, he found that the price was expensive and asked for a refund. The merchant did not refund the goods on the grounds that they had been delivered. However, until November 2, consumer inquiries showed that the logistics information only had a single number and was not delivered. After the negotiation failed, Mr. Zhang complained to Zhenjiang Consumers Association, and after mediation by the staff, the merchant finally refunded.

  Jiangsu Consumer Protection Committee suggested that while ensuring consumer demand, the platform should reduce routines, improve the platform rules and mechanisms, clearly state consumers’ rights and obligations, really serve consumers, stimulate consumers’ enthusiasm for participation, and make consumers feel more at ease.

What are Passat’s advantages and disadvantages?

Passat, as a high-profile model, how is its performance? Let us have a deep understanding of its advantages and disadvantages:

First of all, safety is a highlight of Passat, which is equipped with front double airbags, ABS system and braking force distribution to ensure the safety of drivers and passengers. In terms of interior space, Shanghai Passat has made a significant improvement on the basis of the original model, creating a spacious and comfortable interior environment by increasing the wheelbase by 100mm and slightly heightening the roof.

However, power is one of Passat’s shortcomings, especially when driving on steep slopes, which may require extra strength and torque to deal with, which affects the driving experience to some extent. In addition, the lower chassis also requires drivers to be more cautious in handling and avoid unnecessary bumps.

Nevertheless, Passat’s advantages cannot be ignored. In terms of configuration, it surpassed Magotan and provided a higher standard. For car buyers, choosing a vehicle with more solid basic performance can maintain the stability of the vehicle even if additional configuration is needed in the future. Maneuverability and comfort are another selling point of Passat, and drivers can enjoy a relaxed and pleasant driving process. The convenience of maintenance and the market value of used cars are also the reasons why car owners favor it.

帕萨特

However, engine noise is a small shortcoming of Passat, and the 2.0-liter engine is loud when it accelerates rapidly. At the same time, the price of Passat may be slightly higher than the budget of ordinary consumers. Generally speaking, Passat is excellent in safety, space and comfort, but the power and price need to be improved.

The comedy "Fake Bodyguard" exposed the trailer, and Wang Terry Ada finally got married


1905 movie network news Action comedy online movies are being broadcasted, and their reputation is booming, which has won the audience’s favor with exciting action scenes and humorous comedy elements. On March 29th, the film released the emotional trailer and the poster of "Ace Partner", which revealed that the film not only has amazing action comedy elements, but also has a gentle emotional core.

Directed and producer, starring Wang Terry, Wang Luojia, and starring in friendship, the film tells the hilarious story that SSS Travel Agency, which was founded by three people, Wang Jisheng (Wang Terry), Ye Mingzhu (Ada) and Zhuang Zhuang (Wang Luojia), was transformed into SSS bodyguard team by mistake. 

 After seven years of love, I was on the verge of breaking up. Wang Terry and Ada saw the truth in adversity

In the latest emotional preview of "Fake Bodyguard", we changed the funny style of the film’s main theme and the cool feature of adrenaline surge, but focused on the hero and heroine of the film &mdash; &mdash; Wang Steady and Ye Mingzhu’s "Seven-Year Itch". They fell in love for seven years, and Wang’s repeated marriage proposals ended in failure. Ye Mingzhu once told the truth when she was drunk. In her eyes, Wang Steady had "no responsibility or responsibility at all". Wang Steady was also sad when she heard this, and asked the other party if he was a spare tire for her. This pair of tell it to the judge should not only work together against the villains in a foreign country, but also solve their own "contradictions".

Wang Terry and Ada’s wonderful interpretation of the role has also been affirmed by the audience: "Wang Terry has a unique temperament!" "Ada’s acting skills have been upgraded again, and the red dress is beautiful!" The contradiction between the two men intensified during the journey, and their seven-year relationship would end in vain. But when the disaster struck, they broke out with the unique optimism and resilience of the little people, and finally found each other’s sincerity. Although the bodyguard group is fake, their love for each other is sincere and they finally get back together.

This emotional trailer also reveals the deeper theme of "Fake Bodyguard", that is, in addition to bringing sensory stimulation to the audience, there is also a sincere emotional core. Through the conflict of the details with bright rhythm, the highlight of human nature on the little people is highlighted, and the audience can also draw positive energy from the film.

Wang Terry Ada’s incarnation as "Ace Partner" has received rave reviews.

Along with the emotional notice, there is also a poster of "Ace Partner", in which Wang Terry in a white suit and Ada in a red skirt stand with guns, which is quite the temperament of ace bodyguards. On weekdays, the two often open the "mutual mode", but when one party is in danger, the other party will not hesitate to step forward.

Years of affection made them feel the same, cooperate tacitly, and finally become each other’s "ace partner", turning the tables against the wind and turning their own destiny by hand. With the plot elements of small fights, it also pokes many viewers’ points. In addition, with the blessing of big scenes such as the big bang, racing to escape, gun battles, etc., the high-burning and exciting style left a deep impression on people. The comedy plot interspersed among them, through the continuous "misplaced laughter" and the wonderful play of the actors, also greatly enhanced the visibility of the film. And in such a delicate and beautiful shell, the most authentic and simple emotional core is wrapped, which is one of the secrets of the "Fake Bodyguard" to get rave reviews.


Tongling Xingyue L Zhiqing is offering discounts! The latest offer 152,700, quantity is limited

[Autohome Tongling Promotion Channel] brings you the latest preferential information. Popular models are being promoted in Tongling with limited-time special offers. At present, consumers can enjoy car purchase discounts of up to 7,000 yuan, and the minimum starting price has been reduced to 152,700 yuan. This opportunity is not to be missed. If you want to seize the cost-effective advantage of Xingyue L Smart Engine, please click "Check Car Price" in the quotation form to get the most practical discount range and make the car purchase plan more cost-effective. Hurry up and start your Smart Engine driving journey!

铜陵星越L智擎正在优惠!最新报价15.27万,数量有限

铜陵星越L智擎正在优惠!最新报价15.27万,数量有限

With its exquisite body design and dynamic side lines, Xingyue L Zhiqing shows elegant body proportions. Its body size reaches 4795mm*1895mm*1689mm, and the wheelbase reaches 2845mm, ensuring a spacious and comfortable interior space. The front and rear wheel tracks are 1610mm, providing good stability for the vehicle. The unique tire size 235/50 R19, with exquisite wheel design, not only enhances the visual effect of the vehicle, but also provides good grip and silence performance for driving.

铜陵星越L智擎正在优惠!最新报价15.27万,数量有限

The interior design of Xingyue L Intelligent Engine combines luxury and technology, and adopts a delicate leather steering wheel to bring a comfortable grip to the driver. The steering wheel supports manual up, down and back adjustment, ensuring that the driver can find the ideal position in different driving situations. On the center console, a 12.3-inch high definition touch screen occupies the focus, and integrates multi-function controls such as multimedia system, navigation, telephone, air conditioning, etc., which is convenient to operate and clear information. The seats are made of imitation leather, and the main and passenger seats are equipped with 4-way adjustment, including front and rear, backrest, high and low and waist support, to ensure the comfort of long-distance driving. The driver’s seat is additionally equipped with heating and ventilation functions, and is equipped with a power seat memory function, while the second row of seats supports backrest adjustment, providing great flexibility in space utilization. Wireless charging is distributed in the front row, making it convenient for passengers to charge their devices at any time.

铜陵星越L智擎正在优惠!最新报价15.27万,数量有限

The car series Xingyue L Smart Engine is equipped with a 1.5T turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 120 kW, providing a stable power output for the vehicle. This engine also has a maximum torque of 255 Nm, ensuring the agile response of the vehicle in daily driving. With a 3-speed DHT transmission, Xingyue L Smart Engine realizes efficient power transmission and brings a smooth driving experience to the driver.

To sum up, Autohome owners are full of praise for the appearance of the Xingyue L Smart Engine, believing that its stylish and atmospheric design is not only impressive, but also has won the attention of many pedestrians on the road. From the unique front face design to the sharp lights, to the smooth body lines and simple rear, every detail shows the exquisite and advanced sense of the Xingyue L Smart Engine, which is undoubtedly a very attractive car.

Zhang Jiahui and Li Guangjie appeared in Chengdu for delicious food, and the egg cake was popular

Zhang Jiahui and Li Guangjie appeared in Chengdu to taste delicious egg cakes, which were popular

  China News Service Chengdu, August 3 (He Xi, Wei Yao) On August 11, an original Hong Kong police film "Apostle Walker" is about to be released. On August 3, director Wen Weihong and actors Zhang Jiahui and Li Guangjie airlifted into Chengdu to promote the film. The creators also experienced Chengdu’s special snacks, three cannons, egg baked cakes, and Dan Dan noodles on the spot very down to earth, so that the creators couldn’t stop eating at all.

  The continuous hot weather, one city roadshow a day, although the creators worked hard, their emotions were very high, and the day of the movie’s release was coming soon, and the creators worked very hard to promote it. Recalling the shooting in Brazil, it was also such a hot weather of more than 40 degrees, and Zhang Jiahui’s costume was still very stylish and thick. He laughed and said, "In TVB filming, I have developed a physique that is not afraid of heat, and I forgot about the hot weather when I shouted to turn it on."

  Although he was still a newcomer in the film industry, director Wen Weihong and the three male lead actors were all old partners who had known each other for a long time, so they were not unfamiliar with working together, and the professional dedication of the actors also made the shooting very smooth. As a veteran from TV series to movies, director Wen Weihong has a deep affection for "The Apostle Walker", and hopes that the movie version of "The Apostle Walker" can be supported and loved by everyone as always.

  Li Guangjie has always given the impression of being a down-to-earth and tough guy, but in this "Apostle Walker", his role is unusually ruthless and quite subversive. When it comes to the cooperation with the Hong Kong team, he said that he has been a loyal fan of Hong Kong movies since he was a child. This cooperation is very exciting. He also enjoyed the performance with Zhang Jiahui Xu Shaoxiong, but he felt that the drama was "a little short, and he didn’t enjoy it yet." When you come to Chengdu, in addition to feeling the enthusiasm of the local media and cinema people, you must also take the time to experience the special food of Chengdu.

  From Shanghai to Hangzhou, Chengdu, Xi’an, and finally Dalian, the creators went to various places almost non-stop at the frequency of one city a day, meeting and interacting with the audience, promoting the movie "Apostle Walker", and facing the hard-working creators, local fans were also enthusiastic. They shared local delicacies with the creators, from Dan Dan noodles to egg cakes. The taste of the city made the creators unable to stop. Zhang Jiahui was even more full of praise for egg cakes. He admitted that he was unwilling to eat too much when he got up, so the snack of egg cakes just solved his breakfast needs. "I think it’s actually good for breakfast. I think drinking a cup of milk is enough for nutrition, and then I eat at noon, so this can be used as breakfast."

  In 2014, the drama version of "The Apostle Walker" was born, and it became a phenomenon-level drama with 2.40 billion network broadcast volume. The movie version of "The Apostle Walker" continued the story of "looking for an undercover agent", and even brought out the sixth undercover "BlackJack", which disrupted the rivers and lakes. The film lineup not only retained the popular "Sister Nail" She Shiman and "Brother Happy" Xu Shaoxiong, continued the funny style of ghosts and horses in the TV series, but also deepened the suspense element in the plot. Please join the Golden Horse Golden Statue double-material actor Zhang Jiahui, super-popular actor Gu Tianle, and powerful actor Wu Zhenyu

  The film "The Apostle Walker" is directed by Wen Weihong and starring Zhang Jiahui, Gu Tianle, Wu Zhenyu, Sheh Shiman, Li Guangjie, Xu Shaoxiong and Zhang Huiwen. It will be released nationwide in the summer on August 11. (over)

Vigorously develop ecological circular agriculture

   Minister of Agriculture Han Changfu

    The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward a new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly stressed that we should protect the ecological environment like protecting our eyes and treat it like life. We should unswervingly implement the spirit of the important speeches of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee and the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, put the construction of eco-circular agriculture in a prominent position of vigorously promoting agricultural modernization and accelerating the transformation of agricultural development mode, further enhance the sense of urgency and responsibility, and push modern agriculture onto the road of sustainable development.

    First, further improve the understanding of the great significance of developing eco-circular agriculture.

    In recent years, China’s modern agricultural construction has been accelerated and made great achievements. However, the pressure of ensuring supply, income, safety and ecology in agriculture is increasing. Agricultural development has reached a new historical stage in which we must speed up the transformation of development mode, pay more attention to rational utilization of resources, protect the ecological environment and promote sustainable development. It is of great significance and imperative to develop ecological circular agriculture.

    It is urgent to inherit and develop ecological circular agriculture by absorbing the essence of traditional agriculture and inheriting farming civilization. Farming civilization is the cornerstone of Chinese civilization. China’s 5,000-year-old traditional agriculture has always adhered to the coordinated and harmonious concept of "three talents", the agricultural time concept of avoiding disadvantages, the fertility concept of differentiating soil and fertilizing, the conservation concept of restraining desire and saving, the recycling concept of turning waste into treasure, and the traditional ecological cycle models such as paddy field system, mulberry pond, complementary crop rotation and courtyard economy, which are the main reasons for China’s "constant fertility" after thousands of years. Since 1950s, "petroleum agriculture" with high investment and high energy consumption, represented by the United States, has developed rapidly, and the land output rate and labor productivity have been greatly improved. However, the long-term excessive use of chemical substances such as fertilizers and pesticides has led to soil degradation, biodiversity destruction and environmental pollution. In recent years, many developed countries have begun to turn to the development of ecological recycling agriculture. China is in a critical period of transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. On the basis of absorbing the essence of traditional agriculture and drawing lessons from foreign countries, we must vigorously develop ecological circular agriculture and transform traditional agriculture by using modern civilization achievements such as high technology, scientific management and modern equipment.

    To solve the development problems and speed up the construction of modern agriculture, it is urgent to vigorously develop ecological circular agriculture. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed that we should vigorously promote agricultural modernization and promote the simultaneous development of new industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. At present, the development of China’s agricultural modernization is still lagging behind, which is a short leg of "synchronization of the four modernizations". The two "hoops" of resources and environment are getting tighter and tighter, the agricultural regional layout is not matched with the resource endowment, the grain economy and feeding structure is unreasonable, the combination of planting and breeding industry is not tight, the circulation is not smooth, and the integration of production, processing, circulation and consumption is not enough. Due to the double squeeze of agricultural production cost "floor" and agricultural product price "ceiling", the comparative benefit of agriculture continues to decline. "Nature breeds things sometimes, but land produces limited wealth". In order to meet the new challenges of agricultural development, we must vigorously develop ecological recycling agriculture, and promote the virtuous circle of increasing agricultural production, increasing farmers’ income and green mountains.

    To implement the new concept of development and promote the construction of ecological civilization, it is urgent to accelerate the development of ecological circular agriculture. This year, the central government issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Ecological Civilization and the Overall Plan for the Reform of Ecological Civilization System, which is the first time at the national level to make a comprehensive deployment specifically for the construction of ecological civilization. Crops are green life, and agricultural production itself is a carbon sequestration process. Developing eco-circular agriculture is an "ecological barrier" to build a beautiful China. Implementing the new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, and taking eco-circular agriculture as an important form of modern agricultural development, is not only the innovation of agricultural development concept, but also the innovation of relevant policies, systems and technologies, which will provide new impetus for agricultural development, expand new space, extend industrial chain and value chain, and promote the integration of planting, breeding, marketing and tourism, and the ecological coordination of production and life.

    Two, conscientiously sum up the achievements of ecological circular agriculture construction

    In recent years, adapting to the new situation, we have actively explored the development of eco-circular agriculture and achieved remarkable results.

    The institutional framework for the development of eco-circular agriculture has been initially established. The state has successively promulgated the Law on the Promotion of Circular Economy, the Law on the Promotion of Cleaner Production and the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Pollution in Livestock and Poultry Breeding, and implemented the strictest farmland protection system, the strictest land-saving system, the strictest water resources management system and the grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward system, and implemented subsidies such as improved varieties, agricultural machinery, agricultural materials and water-saving irrigation. Twenty-one provinces in China have issued regulations on agricultural ecological environment protection, 11 provinces have issued regulations on cultivated land quality protection, and 13 provinces have issued regulations on rural renewable energy. The legal construction of agricultural resources and environmental protection has been continuously strengthened and the system has been continuously improved.

    Further strengthened the planning guidance. The Ministry of Agriculture, together with relevant departments, has successively issued the National Agricultural Sustainable Development Plan (2015-2030) and the Master Plan for the Treatment of Outstanding Agricultural Environment Problems (2014-2018), and the Ministry of Agriculture has issued the Implementation Opinions on Fighting the Hard Battle of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Prevention and Control, which has comprehensively deployed the development of eco-circular agriculture. Zhejiang Province has formulated the Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Modern Eco-circular Agriculture, Anhui Province has formulated the Industrialization Construction Plan of Modern Eco-agriculture, and Jiangsu Province has formulated the Demonstration Construction Plan of Eco-circular Agriculture. The work promotion mechanism of linkage between ministries and provinces and multi-sectoral interaction has taken shape initially.

    A number of key projects have been implemented. On the basis of continuing to carry out engineering projects such as soil testing, formula fertilization and grassland ecological protection, we will start the comprehensive utilization project of agricultural and rural wastes such as livestock manure and the protection and utilization of black land in Northeast China, and implement the pilot project of regional ecological recycling agriculture construction. In Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, Hunan Province, a pilot project for the remediation of farmland contaminated by heavy metals was implemented, and a pilot project for the comprehensive management of groundwater over-exploitation area was launched in Hebei Province. In the northwest regions such as Xinjiang and Gansu, it was supported to promote the recycling of plastic film in counties and cities.

    The demonstration and driving system of eco-circular agriculture was initially constructed. Since the 1980s, more than 100 national eco-agricultural demonstration counties have been built in two batches, which has led to more than 500 provincial eco-agricultural demonstration counties, and a large number of typical models such as "pig-biogas-fruit", rice-fish symbiosis and forest-fruit intercropping have been explored. In recent years, China has successively supported the construction of 2 pilot provinces, 10 demonstration cities, 283 national modern agricultural demonstration zones and 1,100 beautiful countryside, initially forming a five-level eco-circular agriculture demonstration and driving system at the provincial, city (county), township, village and base levels. Various localities have also actively carried out pilot demonstrations. Zhejiang Province has built 17 provincial-level demonstration counties, 88 demonstration areas and 101 demonstration enterprises, Jiangsu Province has started the construction of 11 demonstration counties (cities, districts), and Shandong Province has identified 16 demonstration counties for ecological agriculture and rural new energy.

    A number of technical models have been explored and popularized. Around the goal and task of "one control, two reductions and three basics", some good models have been explored and formed. In terms of water control, Hebei Province has formulated the technical standards and implementation specifications for the integration of water and fertilizer for major crops. In 2014, the area was 7.2 million mu, with an average water saving of 40%-60% and a fertilizer saving of 20%-30%. In terms of reducing fertilizer consumption and increasing efficiency, Anhui Province focuses on promoting the zero growth of fertilizer use for corn, vegetables and fruits, vigorously promoting new technologies such as simultaneous sowing of seeds and fertilizers, integration of water and fertilizer, and timely fertilization, and promoting returning straw to fields, increasing the application of organic fertilizers, and planting green manure. In terms of pesticide reduction and harm control, Jiangxi Province has included the zero growth of pesticide use in the important content and assessment index of the construction of the first demonstration area of ecological civilization, and implemented special actions such as public plant protection, disaster prevention and mitigation, specialized unified prevention and control, green plant protection and pesticide reduction, and law-based plant protection and law enforcement to protect farmers. In the comprehensive utilization of livestock manure, Hubei Province promotes self-absorption, base docking and centralized collection, and promotes the interactive and coordinated development of animal husbandry, planting and rural ecological construction. In the comprehensive utilization of plastic film, Gansu Province has formulated the production standard of thickened plastic film and carried out the pilot demonstration of comprehensive utilization of plastic film, and the recycling rate of waste plastic film has reached 75.4%. On the comprehensive utilization of straw, Jiangsu Province has initially formed a development pattern of diversified utilization of straw through the joint participation of government, enterprises and farmers and market-oriented operation.

    Third, highlight key points, strengthen coordination, and make every effort to push eco-circular agriculture to a new level

    To develop eco-circular agriculture in the new era, the general requirement is to conscientiously implement the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee and the central government’s decision-making arrangements on the construction of ecological civilization, take vigorously promoting agricultural modernization as the goal, take accelerating the transformation of agricultural development mode as the main line, take ensuring national food security and promoting farmers’ sustained and rapid income increase as the primary task, and strive to promote the conservation of agricultural resources, clean production process, ecological industrial chain and recycling of waste, so as to promote the green development of agriculture. At present and in the future, we should focus on five major tasks.

 

 

    

    First, adhere to overall planning and optimize the industrial structure. Further optimize the regional distribution of agriculture, explore the establishment of grain production functional zones and important agricultural product production protection zones, and increase transfer payments to major agricultural product producing areas and key ecological functional zones. Optimize and adjust the planting and breeding structure, vigorously develop herbivorous animal husbandry, support the planting of forage materials such as alfalfa and silage corn, and carry out pilot projects of circular agriculture combining grain feeding with planting and breeding. Demonstration of comprehensive planting and breeding techniques in paddy fields will be carried out, and new models such as rice-fish symbiosis and aquaponics will be popularized. Leverage the "internet plus" to develop various functions of agriculture and promote the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries.

    Second, adhere to the priority of reduction and promote cleaner agricultural production. Popularize water-saving agricultural technology and improve the utilization rate of natural precipitation and irrigation water. Promote soil testing and formula fertilization, improve fertilization methods, and encourage the use of organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers and planting green manure. Promote high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides, biological pesticides and advanced pesticide application machinery, and promote the unified prevention and control of pests and diseases and green prevention and control. Carry out the transformation of large-scale livestock and poultry farms and promote clean livestock and poultry breeding. Promote mechanical technologies such as oil saving and electricity saving, reduce energy consumption of agricultural equipment, develop biogas projects according to local conditions, and vigorously promote clean energy.

    Third, persist in recycling and promote the recycling of agricultural wastes. Vigorously promote standardized scale farming, promote the technical model of comprehensive utilization of livestock manure according to local conditions, and explore mechanisms such as third-party governance and PPP model for scale farming manure. We will increase the demonstration and promotion of straw returning to fields, carbonization returning to fields and soil improvement, and replacing coal with molded fuel in villages, and start the construction of a number of pilot counties for full quantitative utilization of straw. Accelerate the revision of mulching film standards, encourage the use of thickened mulching films, carry out regional demonstrations of farmland residual film recycling, and gradually improve the recycling and processing network. Continue to promote rural biogas projects and develop rural renewable energy.

    Fourth, adhere to the combination of use and cultivation to promote the protection and improvement of cultivated land quality. We will promptly complete the task of delineating permanent basic farmland in 106 key cities. Ecological compound planting should be carried out according to local conditions, and intercropping, conservation tillage, grain and grass rotation and application of organic fertilizer should be adopted to promote the combination of land cultivation and land cultivation. Explore the implementation of farmland rotation fallow pilot. Establish a farmland quality survey and monitoring system, and improve the farmland quality survey, monitoring, evaluation and information release system. Accelerate the national environmental monitoring and investigation of agricultural products producing areas, establish an early warning mechanism, and promote the pilot demonstration of pollution farmland remediation and planting structure adjustment.

    Fifth, we should pay equal attention to development and protection and promote the conservation of agricultural resources. We will steadily push forward the work of returning farmland to forests and grasslands, continue to implement projects such as grassland management in Beijing and Tianjin, ecological protection and construction in the Three Rivers, and carry out the construction of grassland nature reserves and comprehensive grassland management in the south. Strengthen the construction of aquatic nature reserves and aquatic germplasm conservation zone, strictly ban the "homeless network" and promote the restoration of aquaculture ecosystem. Strengthen the construction of wildlife nature reserves, carry out special rescue for endangered animal and plant species, and improve the monitoring and early warning system for wildlife resources and agricultural alien invasive organisms.

    The construction of eco-circular agriculture is a long-term task and systematic project. Agricultural departments at all levels should enhance their awareness of the subject, take a highly responsible attitude, and earnestly grasp this work and achieve results. It is necessary to refine the objectives and tasks according to local conditions, strengthen communication with development and reform, finance, environmental protection and other departments, and form a strong joint effort. Strengthen policy creation, accelerate the formation of a green development-oriented subsidy system, innovate investment methods, give play to the role of financial funds, and guide financial capital and social capital to participate in construction. We will continue to strengthen the construction of pilot provinces, demonstration cities, counties, villages and fields, and build a number of technical test and demonstration bases with new business entities as the carrier. Vigorously carry out research and development of key technologies such as clean production and waste resource utilization, and promote the integration of information technology and ecological recycling agriculture. Support new business entities to carry out services such as pollution control of livestock and poultry breeding, recycling and processing of plastic film crop straw, and organic fertilizer production, and encourage large-scale business entities to introduce third-party governance by means of performance contract services. Timely summarize and publicize good practices and experiences, and help farmers establish the concept of ecological cycle development through training and other means.