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　　At the adult ceremony held in Danzhai County, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, high school students who have reached the age of 18 walked through the "adult gate" with their parents. Xinhua news agency

　　Baihe Senior High School in Ankang City, Shaanxi Province is called "a school hanging halfway up the mountain". As a model school for ordinary senior high schools in Shaanxi Province, the school adheres to the principle of "five educations simultaneously" and promotes students’ all-round development. Xinhua news agency

　　[Endeavour, New Journey, New Era, Great Change]

　　The parents of Liu Ying, a senior three student of Huize No.1 Middle School in Huize County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, witnessed the changes of the school: "Compared with 10 years ago, the campus area of Huize No.1 Middle School has expanded, the equipment of classrooms and dormitories has been updated, the level of teachers has improved, and it has done better and better in serving and educating people." The changes in this county are the epitome of the rapid development of high school education in China.

　　High school education is an important part of the national education system and plays a key role in talent training. In 2010, the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010— 2020), accelerating the popularization of high school education has become a clear goal.

　　The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee clearly put forward that "universal high school education".

　　The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China once again made it clear that it is necessary to "popularize high school education and strive to make every child enjoy a fair and quality education".

　　From "basically popularizing high school education" to "popularizing high school education" is the goal pursuit of the development of high school education in a new stage, which shows that the CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to and is determined to accelerate the popularization of high school education. This is an important measure to further improve the overall quality of the people, the competitiveness of the labor force and build a strong country with human resources after popularizing nine-year compulsory education.

　　The statistical data of education in 2021 shows that the gross enrollment rate of high school education has increased to 91.4%. The development of high school education is not only on the fast track, but also on the stage of high-quality development.

　　In 2021, there were 14,600 ordinary high schools in China. There are 9,049,500 students enrolled and 26,050,300 students enrolled. There are 7294 secondary vocational schools in China.

　　In 2021, the gross enrollment rate in high school was 91.4%.

　　2016 — In 2020, the central government invested a total of 39.07 billion yuan, focusing on supporting poor areas in the central and western regions to improve the conditions for running ordinary high schools.

Underpinning: guarantee the basic short board

　　“‘ Put quality education at the doorstep of the people ’ Become the belief of the whole school faculty! " Bian Chunlong, vice president of No.12 Middle School in Urumqi, Xinjiang, told the reporter, "The changes in these 10 years cannot be separated from the input and support of the state and the government."

　　In this garden-like campus stands four atmospheric teaching buildings; The classroom is equipped with an integrated blackboard of "internet plus Intelligent Touch", so that children can watch the live broadcast of "Tiangong Classroom" synchronously and interactively with Beijing in the classroom. A dynamic team of teachers is growing rapidly, and school teachers tap their own expertise, such as pastry making, 3D creative design, opera singing, calligraphy and Go, and various forms of community classes emerge as the times require … …

　　In April, Paitou Middle School in Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province was full of spring. Indus early hair, wheatgrass full of branches; In the academy, students sit quietly at their desks.

　　School History Museum, Tongren Building and Wutong Avenue are all lined with trees and flowers, which is a good place to study. Attentive listening in class, constant questioning after class, and cooperation and competition among classmates are the appearance of diligence.

　　After studying, more delicious food can’t live up to: braised pork, big noodles, big chicken legs … … You can choose with peace of mind; The dormitory is spacious and comfortable, with a separate bathroom and hot water … … A small world has become a "small harbor" for students.

　　Like Urumqi No.12 Middle School, this century-old school in Paitou Town, Zhuji is also brand-new.

　　Wang Huifeng, vice president of Paitou Middle School in Zhuji City, said: In 2017, Tongwen Academy with an investment of more than 13 million yuan was delivered; 2019— In 2021, more than 40 million yuan was invested in the campus upgrading project. With the support of Zhuji Municipal Government, 5.5 million yuan was invested in the construction of smart campus.

　　"In the early years, our rural teachers tried to get into the city to teach as much as possible; Now, there are no teachers to take the exam. After all, there is not much difference between the city and the countryside. " Wang Huifeng said.

　　As a manager, the change that Wang Huifeng felt was real. "In the past, I was worried about money and worried about various funds. Now, I just want to run the school well and improve the quality of teaching. "

　　During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the central government invested a total of 39.1 billion yuan in the construction of ordinary high schools, and various localities increased their investment, building, rebuilding and expanding 4,570 ordinary high schools nationwide. Large classes and super-large classes have always been the "pain point" of ordinary high school education. All localities have implemented special plans to eliminate large classes in ordinary high schools in light of actual conditions, and accelerated the elimination of large classes in ordinary high schools.

　　Poverty-stricken areas in the central and western regions are the biggest shortcomings in popularizing high school education. Faced with the difficulties faced by the development of the county, experts pointed out: "High school education is to build a modern education power ‘ Soft waist ’ , this ‘ Waist ’ Without straightening up, it will be difficult to realize the dream of strengthening the country through education, and high school education will also be difficult ‘ Strengthen muscles and bones ’ 。”

　　In 2021, the "Government Work Report" proposed "strengthening the construction of county high schools". At the end of 2021, the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" (hereinafter referred to as the "Promotion Action Plan") was released, proposing that the state should continue to implement projects to improve the running conditions of ordinary high schools, with emphasis on supporting the improvement of basic running conditions in counties.

　　A series of measures point to "strengthening the waist" and "strengthening the muscles and bones". People further realize that popularizing high school education is an urgent need to adapt to the transformation and upgrading of China’s economic structure and improve the education years of the labor force, and it is also a basic project to further improve the overall quality of the people and build a strong country with human resources.

　　"The school introduces outstanding graduates from colleges and universities all over the country every year, and focuses on training after entering the job." Looking ahead, Wang Huifeng is more confident.

Improving quality: strengthening teachers to make characteristics

　　In the impression of Yedda Chiu, a middle school student in Huize County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, the most unforgettable thing was the literary club activity held in the courtyard of Rongjia Ancestral Hall: under the guidance of the teacher, the students recited works under the osmanthus tree, ate fruits and shared cakes together.

　　"I am a child from the countryside. I cried when I was eating that day. I was moved by meeting such a good teacher and studying in such a warm campus." Yedda Chiu said.

　　Where do good teachers come from?

　　Zhang Hong, secretary of the Education and Sports Working Committee of Huize County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, and director of the County Education and Sports Bureau, said that the county-level finance arranges 8 million yuan each year to reward collectives and individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the development of education, especially the development of high school education. The implementation of special government subsidies to enhance teachers’ sense of happiness, acquisition and honor, as well as the separation of husband and wife related to the stability of the teaching staff, have all been included in the agenda.

　　In 2017, the plan for the popularization of high school education (2017— 2020) (hereinafter referred to as the plan to tackle key problems) was released, and measures such as expanding educational resources, improving the funding mechanism and strengthening the construction of teachers were included.

　　The "Promotion Action Plan" proposes to implement the targeted training plan for outstanding teachers in underdeveloped areas in the central and western regions. Appropriately increase the proportion of intermediate and senior teachers in primary and secondary schools, appropriately tilt the positions of middle and senior teachers to counties, reasonably verify the total amount of performance pay in counties, and tilt the internal distribution of performance pay to outstanding talents.

　　Zhang Hong told reporters that in recent years, Huize County has recruited 2,802 new teachers, including 1,373 new teachers in 2020. And organize and plan to carry out comprehensive training for the county’s education management cadres and teachers, solve the problems such as the loss of outstanding principals and backbone teachers and the instability of the teaching staff, and improve the teaching staff as a whole.

　　Another brand of Suzhou No.6 Middle School is: Suzhou Art High School in Jiangsu Province. "Opposite to the north and south of Pingjiang Road, a famous historical street, it is adjacent to Humble Administrator’s Garden, Lion Forest and Suzhou Museum. The 400-year-old Ming-style ancient building in the school was later the former residence of Xu Naizhao, governor of Jiangsu Province in the Qing Dynasty. " As soon as Zhu Wenxue, secretary of the General Party Branch and president of Suzhou No.6 Middle School, tells the geographical location of the school, people can naturally perceive its cultural and artistic atmosphere.

　　Turn into a high school with artistic characteristics, and let Suzhou No.6 Middle School embark on the road of high-quality development of "art and literature go hand in hand".

　　The "attack plan" proposes to promote the diversified and distinctive development of schools. Deepen the curriculum reform of ordinary senior high schools, strengthen the construction of elective courses, make full use of off-campus educational resources to expand the breadth and depth of on-campus courses, and enhance the selectivity and suitability of courses.

　　Popularizing high school education and improving quality is the proper meaning. We should not only pay attention to the imbalance of high school education in rural areas and economically underdeveloped areas, but also pay attention to deepening the connotation development in areas where high school education is basically popularized, changing the homogenization tendency of thousands of schools and exploring various educational models. Chen Ruping, vice president of China Academy of Educational Sciences, said that high school types such as science and technology high schools, general vocational high schools, humanities and academic high schools, and art and sports high schools can be set up to guide the classified development of ordinary high schools and form an ecology for the healthy development of ordinary high schools in the region.

　　Spring breeze, write a picture. The willow trees on the shore are green, the bridges are flowing, the yingfei grass is long, the eaves are upturned, the peach is red, Li Bai and the winter jasmine is yellow.

　　Cultivate one’s morality, stand upright, and concentrate on thinking. Dancing with an upward artistic heart, growing up in time, has gradually become better from ignorance and achieved better self.

　　Wu Chenxi, a student from Suzhou No.6 Middle School, couldn’t help but say that when she walked into the art studio, the familiar and beautiful smell of pigments and pencils lingered in her nose, accompanied by the artistic seed buried in her heart … …

　　The development of high school education must take into account the needs of society and individuals. At present, the social division of labor is refined, the society’s demand for talents is increasingly multi-level and multi-specification, and the individual’s demand for personalized development is increasingly strong, which determines the diversification of educational objectives in ordinary high schools. Chen Ruping believes that it is necessary to explore various educational models from the perspective of educating people and promoting their all-round development.

Coordination: adjusting structure for development

　　Good news keeps coming.

　　On April 17th, the team of Libo Secondary Vocational School (hereinafter referred to as Libo Vocational School) in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province won the first place in the provincial competition and got the tickets for the national competition in the 2022 Guizhou Vocational College Teacher-Student Skills Competition and the National Vocational College Skills Selection Competition.

　　On April 21st, Pan Xingpin, a 20-level post-00 girl majoring in mechanical and electrical engineering in Libo Vocational School, won the first place in the province in the "Electronic Circuit Assembly and Application" project of the secondary vocational school. She will also represent Guizhou Province in the National Vocational College Skills Competition.

　　It is not only the competitions that prove the strength of secondary vocational students, but also some students who study here have got the "reservation form" of the admission notice of high-quality higher vocational colleges in Guizhou Province in advance. Just as Wu Wanshen, Class 3 of 20 Auto Repair in Libo Vocational School, won the second prize in the provincial competition in the first year of secondary vocational school, he said: "I chose the right school and the right major. Under the hard cultivation of teachers, with their own hard work, they have obtained the qualification of exemption from examination in higher vocational colleges through skill competitions, and they must become outstanding social useful talents in the future. "

　　High school education is not just ordinary high schools, but also ordinary secondary schools, vocational high schools, technical schools, etc. Popularizing high school education pays more attention to the coordinated development of general high schools and secondary vocational schools and the quality of education.

　　It should be acknowledged that secondary vocational education is indeed a "short board". The "attack plan" puts forward that it is necessary to coordinate the development of ordinary high school education and secondary vocational education and optimize the educational structure in high school. The "Implementation Plan of National Vocational Education Reform" issued in 2019 pointed out that as China entered a new stage of development, industrial upgrading and economic restructuring continued to accelerate, the demand for technical and skilled personnel in all walks of life became more and more urgent, and the important position and role of vocational education became more and more prominent.

　　In cooperation with Guangzhou Tourism Business Vocational School and Guangzhou Electronic Information School, Libo Vocational School strives to learn cutting-edge new technologies, new processes and new norms, and makes every effort to create a new development model of modern apprenticeship vocational education with China characteristics, which is "schools are like enterprises, classrooms are like workshops, classrooms are like workshops, teachers are like masters, students are like apprentices, lesson plans are like drawings, and homework is like products", so that students can learn real skills in teaching reform.

　　The People’s Republic of China (PRC) Vocational Education Law, which came into effect on May 1st, has attracted much attention. On the legal level, the Vocational Education Law stipulates that vocational education and general education are equally important, and efforts are made to enhance the recognition of vocational education. It is pointed out that vocational school students enjoy equal opportunities with ordinary school students at the same level in terms of further education, employment and career development.

　　In the opinion of some experts, this has laid a solid foundation of the rule of law for training more high-quality workers and technical and skilled personnel and building a modern vocational education system.

　　Having devoted themselves to the vocational education park, they have changed from the original identity of correcting simulated test papers and piles of exercise books to "double-qualified" teachers who design and make circuits and write functional programs. The teachers of Libo Vocational School have seen new opportunities for development. They believe that more students like Pan Xingpin and Wu Wanshen will learn their skills in the integration of "internet plus" and "Made in China 2025".

　　After the May Day holiday, the film market data was released in April. In April, the national box office broke the downturn in March, with a total of nearly 4.9 billion, up 57% year-on-year, but more than 60% of the box office was contributed by Hollywood blockbusters such as Fast and Furious 8. According to the movie schedule of the cinema, the movie market will usher in more imported blockbusters in May, including not only Hollywood special effects productions such as Galaxy Guard 2, but also Wrestling! A Bollywood masterpiece like Dad. In contrast, the domestic film camp is mostly genre films, which may produce dark horses, but it is difficult to match the audio-visual effects under the Hollywood industrial system. With this arrangement, it is conceivable that imported films must be the big box office winners in the film market in May, but if domestic films can have many quality works like the May 1st file, we will not lose this battle, and we can still "believe in the future".

　　Imported films have a strong lineup.

　　The box office performance of imported films was amazing enough last month, but it will continue to be amazing in May. Because the number of imported films in the film market in May is particularly large, there are not only Hollywood special effects productions, but also Bollywood’s word-of-mouth masterpieces. No wonder some fans call May this year a "blockbuster month".

　　In Hollywood, Guardians of the Galaxy 2, King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, Alien Awakening, Pirates of the Caribbean 5, Super Team, etc. will come one after another, and Alien: Contract starring Shark of Law is also expected to be introduced simultaneously in mid-May, with a more luxurious lineup compared with last month.

　　Marvel universe "classic golden melody" blockbuster "Galaxy Guard 2" will kick off this audio-visual feast on May 5, and Star-Lord will lead his "Galaxy Sky Group" to overturn the universe again. The film is directed by james gunn, starring Chris Pratt, Vin Diesel, bradley cooper, zoe saldana, Dave Batista and Lee Pace. The film tells the story that peter quill, the "Star-Lord" who was madly hunted for stealing the mysterious sphere, was forced to work with four misfits — — The rocket raccoon, Grut the Tree Man, Carmela and drax the Destroyer are allied, and they must cross the rubicon to fight to the death before they can save the whole galaxy. According to director james gunn, there will be as many as five eggs at the end of "Galaxy Guard 2"! This is definitely a gesture that keeps Marvel Comics fans from dominating the hall.

　　What is even more frightening than the Ba Hall is the powerful combination of two Disney blockbusters, Guarding the Galaxy 2 and Pirates of the Caribbean 5. According to the news from IMAX cinemas, more than 350 IMAX cinemas across the country will hold the theme activity of "Guarding the Galaxy 2+Pirates of the Caribbean 5", that is, the audience watching the zero-point scene of Guarding the Galaxy 2 in the participating cinemas will enjoy an unexposed 5 in Pirates of the Caribbean 5: Dead Men Tell No Men, which was released on May 26th. It is worth mentioning that Pirates of the Caribbean 5, scheduled to be released on May 26th, is the finale of the May blockbuster and the return of Captain Jack Johnny Depp after six years. Earlier, it was reported that this might be Johnny Depp’s last return to this series. In "Pirates of the Caribbean 5", in order to escape the pursuit of the dead captain salazar, Captain Jack will take the astronomer karina and drive his recovered Black Pearl to find the legendary Poseidon’s trident & HELIP; …

　　The legend of King Arthur’s Shengjian has been adapted into film and television works for countless times in the past, but this time King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (May 12) was adapted by director guy ritchie — — The talented British director who filmed Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels still makes fans look forward to it. Guy ritchie, who is good at shooting dark themes, let the new King Arthur played by Charles Hunnam perform an inspirational drama, in which a lot of hand-to-hand combat action scenes are quite visually impactful. Jude Law, the "Doctor Watson", plays the villain in King Arthur Fighting for hegemony, and he will use the power of dark magic to prevent King Arthur from becoming king.

　　Also released on May 12th, The Extraordinary Team was directed by Dean Israelite and starred by Dacre Montgomery, naomi scott, Lin Rudi, RJ Sailor, Becky G, elizabeth banks and Bryan Cranston. As a sci-fi masterpiece adapted from the classic IP "power rangers", "The Extraordinary Team" not only pays tribute to the old drama series, but also incorporates the brand-new characteristics of the new era: the funny young hero, the comprehensive upgrade of the five mecha zod, and the cool fighting, but also has profound and moving emotional support — — It tells the story of how teenagers grow up to be heroes after suffering.

　　Compared with Ma Zhuang, the soldier of Hollywood Legion, Bollywood’s Wrestle! Dad seems to be a little weak. However, this film starring Aamir Hussain Khan, who is known as the "Andy Lau of India", has won the praise of "masterpiece" in previous screenings around the world. At one time, the score of this film was as high as 9.2 on IMDB, and now it is as high as 8.8 on Douban. The film is based on the true story of Mahavia Singh Perga, a famous Indian wrestler. He was forced to give up wrestling because of his life, and later he had four daughters. By chance, he began to teach his daughters wrestling, which challenged the discrimination against women in the traditional Indian world and triggered a series of topics and events. Especially worth mentioning is the courage of Aamir Hussain Khan, 51, to gain weight and lose weight for her role. Aamir Hussain Khan plays the leading role of 19-year-old, 29-year-old and 55-year-old. After he finished his 19-year-old scene, he gained 28kg in a short time and played the role of 55 years old with a weight of 100kg. Finally, in order to fit the figure of the 29-year-old wrestler in the golden age of his career, it took Aamir Hussain Khan another five months, not only to lose 25kg of fat, but also to learn wrestling skills and practice the devil figure with eight abs.

　　Domestic films are rich in types.

　　Compared with the imported film corps, the domestic films released in May are relatively weak, and none of them have produced blockbusters comparable to Guards of the Galaxy 2 or Pirates of the Caribbean 5. Because they have not been screened in advance, there is no word-of-mouth masterpiece at present, but the domestic films are rich in variety and have developed more deeply in different types of films than before.

　　Poison, scheduled to be released on May 12th. The Commandment is a gangster action film based on the true story of Chen Shenzhi, the leader of the Thirteen Pacific Pacifics in Ciyun Mountain. The film tells the story of Jianghu bosses’ turning over a new leaf, and tells the story of two major problems in life: depravity and awakening. This is also the latest big-screen work of Lin Jiadong, the new winner of the Academy Awards who has been in the early stage for many years. This time, he will compete with Liu Qingyun, Louis Koo and Max Zhang.

　　The Troubled Family (May 11th), which tells about the warmth of family, is the director’s debut by actor Huang Lei, and it is a remake of the Japanese masterpiece The Suffering of the Family. The original director Yoji Yamada also co-wrote the Troubled Family with Huang Lei this time. According to reports, there is little difference between the main plot of Troubled Family and Family Suffering, and the story will still start with the divorce crisis of an old couple. But what makes the audience curious is, what localization transformation will Huang Lei carry out in it to connect it with the local atmosphere of China?

　　The other is the first film "Grab the Red" directed by Dawn (May 19th). Although the title of "Grab the Red" is literary, it is actually a summary of the plot — — The driver played by Zhang Hanyu was instructed by his boss to go to France to bid for famous wine with sky-high price, but he fell into the trap set by the villain behind the scenes. "Grab the Red" is a criminal action type film. Although Zhang Hanyu plays a driver in the film, he still shows a very neat fist and fist.

　　The Love of Eating, scheduled to be released on May 27th, is also a directorial debut — — Cai Kangyong, who studied electric cinema in new york, plunged into the variety industry. The heroine is Dee Hsu, the old partner of Kangxi coming, and the other is Lin Chi-ling, the goddess of otaku. According to Cai Kangyong, The Love of Eating tells several stories in parallel time and space. From ancient times to modern times, and then to the future, I don’t know what kind of sparks will be sparked by the combination of Kangxi coming and Lin Chi-ling.

　　On May 12th, "On tenterhooks and on tenterhooks" is another masterpiece of new people after "Water from the Donkey". Ren Suxi, the heroine of Donkey’s Water, played a sexy and provocative woman "Ma Lilian" in On tenterhooks. Although Ma Lilian is a supporting role, Ren Suxi’s performance skill is still worth looking forward to. According to reports, the film was launched by a revenge plan against Ma Lilian, and everyone who came to the hotel was involved in the complicated events. Because everyone has an unknown purpose, which leads to a series of absurd strange things. The film has quite a western style in setting style, and the plot is full of criticism of reality in comedy.

　　Beijing Morning Post reporter Yang Lianjie

　　At the press conference held on November 26th, Mi Feng, spokesman of the National Health and Wellness Commission, said that monitoring showed that influenza was the main respiratory infectious disease in China recently. In addition, rhinovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and other pathogens caused it.

　　"Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae and rhinovirus are all known viruses or bacteria, and humans have coexisted with them for thousands of years." Jin Dongyan, a microbiologist and professor at Li Ka-shing Medical College of HKU, said in an interview with The Paper that people are very familiar with the characteristics of these pathogens, and most of them are self-limited diseases. A considerable number of healthy adults are immune to these pathogens, and there are no signs of super-large-scale outbreaks or significantly enhanced pathogenicity.

　　Lu Mengji, a German virologist of Chinese descent, also told The Paper that it is understandable that respiratory infections have increased after the management of the epidemic was lifted. In the first half of this year, children’s hospitals in Germany were also overcrowded. In his view, as the temperature drops, the pressure on hospitals in southern China may also increase, and it is suggested to protect vulnerable people through vaccination.

　　Jin Dongyan believes that the susceptible groups of the above pathogens are mainly the elderly and children. At present, it is necessary to nip in the bud. "Keep an eye on schools and kindergartens, find out early when there are small-scale cluster infections, and take decisive measures to effectively level the epidemic curve, reduce the total number of infected people, and at the same time reduce the pressure on medical institutions." In addition, the family should pay attention to the elderly with low immunity. "Children are sick, so we should pay attention to isolating the elderly." He suggested vaccinating the elderly and paying special attention to the elderly in nursing homes.

　　Previous public information showed that the number of patients in many children’s hospitals in Beijing was running at a high level and even overloaded. At the press conference on the 26th, Mi Feng suggested that large hospitals are crowded, with long waiting time and high risk of cross-infection. If there are children with mild symptoms at home, it is recommended to go to primary health care institutions or general hospitals for pediatric treatment.

　　Jin Dongyan also advocated that people should not gather in large hospitals for treatment. Gathering children is not only easy to cross-infect, but also may lead to the failure of timely treatment of critically ill patients.

　　In Jin Dongyan’s view, most of these pathogen infections are symptomatic treatment. It is not necessary to detect and determine the pathogen before treatment. "The most advanced areas in the world can’t do this." At present, only large hospitals in China can complete testing, and most primary hospitals can’t. "Time is the most important thing", if we wait for the test and then treat it, it may delay the treatment and cause the resources of large hospitals to be squeezed.

　　At the aforementioned press conference, Mi Feng said that all localities should scientifically coordinate medical resources, implement a graded diagnosis and treatment system, adjust their strength across disciplines and hospitals, give play to the role of medical associations, and improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of general infections and the efficiency of severe identification and referral; It is necessary to do a good job in epidemic prevention and control in key crowded places such as schools, child care institutions and nursing homes, and reduce the flow of personnel and visits. He reminded everyone that it is necessary to adhere to the sanitary habits of wearing masks, ventilation and washing hands frequently, and advocate key groups such as "one old and one small" to actively vaccinate relevant vaccines. When you have respiratory symptoms, you should be well protected, keep a social distance, and avoid cross-infection in your family and unit.

　　[The following is a conversation between The Paper and Jin Dongyan]

　　"These diseases are not difficult to treat, and they are not so special."

　　The Paper:In your opinion, is the main pathogen prevalent in recent respiratory infections new?

　　Jin Dongyan:The current situation is not consistent with the epidemic characteristics of new pathogens. First of all, there is no evidence that there is a new virus in the information released by the CDC and the Health and Health Commission. Judging from a professional point of view, if a pathogen mainly infects children, it is basically a known or past epidemic virus or bacteria. Because adults have been infected before and have immunity, adults can’t be infected or the symptoms of infection are mild or even completely asymptomatic, while children have never been exposed to this pathogen before and have no immunity, so the number of children infected is large and the impact is relatively large. Fortunately, children are infected with these pathogens, and most of the symptoms are not serious.

　　The Paper:Wang Quanyi, deputy director of Beijing CDC and chief expert of epidemiology, said in an interview recently that according to the latest monitoring data, the epidemic intensity of mycoplasma pneumoniae dropped to the fourth place, with the top three being influenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.

　　Jin Dongyan:According to the data released by China CDC, the northern part of China is on the rise of seasonal influenza, which has not reached the peak yet, and should gradually reach the peak in the next few weeks. The South is just beginning to take the lead, while Hong Kong is over, which is below the baseline level.

　　All the four pathogens are known viruses or bacteria, and their epidemic characteristics, severity and severity ratio are also known. Humans have lived with them for thousands of years, so we can say that we know the root of them. We have never had a devastating epidemic in the past, and there is no sign that this will happen this year. This is a basic judgment.

　　About half of people are immune to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and its infectivity is not so strong-it is usually transmitted in a crowded or closed environment after very close contact, such as eating and drinking together. Its basic reproductive rate is only 1.7, which is much lower than that of Omikjon strain in Covid-19.

　　From the point of view of public health, the disease control department mainly needs to deal with the cluster epidemic to prevent its scale from expanding, and if the intensity is achieved, many outbreaks can be reduced.

　　The Paper:Which age group are the susceptible people of these four pathogens? Is there any difference in clinical manifestations after infection, and what damage will it cause to the body if it is serious?

　　Jin Dongyan:Almost all susceptible people are children and the elderly.

　　There is little difference in clinical manifestations. In terms of drug treatment, influenza has specific drugs, such as Tamiflu and oseltamivir. There is no specific medicine for respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus or rhinovirus. Mycoplasma pneumoniae can use azithromycin and other antibiotics. However, most influenza patients do not need to use Tamiflu or oseltamivir, and most children infected with mycoplasma pneumoniae do not need azithromycin. Patients who only have symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and have been in good health in the past generally do not need to take antibiotics. Not all patients with mycoplasma pneumoniae positive must use antibiotics. Even in hospitals that have the conditions for testing, antibiotics are not needed for those infected with mild symptoms.

　　Of course, after using antibiotics, the number of bacteria in droplets decreases, which can reduce the spread. Whether to use antibiotics or not is a clinical judgment made by the attending doctor. As long as the doctor judges that the patient has or will have a high possibility of mycoplasma pneumonia, even if there is no pathogen test result, the drug should be given on a trial basis, and then whether the patient has a fever for 48 to 72 hours should be observed. If the fever has gone down, you should use it correctly, and if it hasn’t, you should change your tactics. This is the treatment procedure for mycoplasma pneumonia and other community-acquired pneumonia. This judgment should be made by a professional doctor in combination with clinical symptoms and the presence or absence of basic diseases (such as asthma).

　　In fact, children’s hospitals, general hospitals, pediatrics or community hospitals without pediatrics can make correct judgments as long as they are adequately trained pediatricians or general practitioners. Parents with medical knowledge can of course make their own judgments and make wise choices for their children whether and how to seek medical treatment.

　　Most people infected with mycoplasma pneumoniae are asymptomatic or mild, and only 3%-10% of infected people will have pneumonia. Most infected people with pneumonia are mild, and their prognosis is good. It should also be made clear to everyone that not everyone will be seriously ill and everyone will go to hospital.

　　The Paper:In what season are these four pathogens prevalent?

　　Jin Dongyan:Generally speaking, it will be popular all year round, but it will be more serious in winter, especially in the northern region, which is also a known feature in the past.

　　The Paper:A doctor in Beijing was interviewed and mentioned that he has been engaged in pediatric diagnosis and treatment for more than 20 years. This time, the infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the highest.

　　Jin Dongyan:In the post-epidemic era, when foreign influenza virus and syncytial virus broke out together with Covid-19, many doctors said that it looked more serious than ever. Is it actually worse? The answer is none.

　　You should look at the data of the whole city or the whole country. Up to now, there are not many places in China that have the conditions to do mycoplasma pneumoniae testing, and it may be impossible to test it at the district-level hospitals, and it is also inaccurate. How do you know if something happens to you? Plus mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is mostly asymptomatic. Without the test data of the past years, it is actually impossible to know whether this wave has the largest number of infected people.

　　From the weekly influenza report released by the National Influenza Center, it can be clearly seen that the number of cases with flu-like symptoms in northern China has increased significantly this year compared with the previous year, but it has not exceeded last year or 2017 and 2018 before the epidemic. Because mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can also cause flu-like symptoms, this statistic also reflects the prevalence and scale of mycoplasma pneumoniae to some extent. In short, it is not clear from this data that the number of people infected with mycoplasma pneumoniae is the highest this time.

　　Of course, due to the outbreak of mycoplasma pneumoniae in schools and kindergartens, a large number of patients go to the nearest hospital for medical treatment at the peak of the outbreak, which is really easy to cause heavy pressure on individual hospitals. Therefore, it should be understandable that pediatricians have this impression.

　　In fact, most patients who come to the hospital now are mild. So many people go to the hospital and it is easy to run on medical resources. Doctors are tired of coping and there is no way to give the best treatment.

　　And the disease is not difficult to treat, and it is not so special. If the doctor suspects that it is mycoplasma pneumonia, azithromycin has been used for 48-72 hours. If the fever has gone down, it will be right. If it doesn’t get better, it should be changed. Most international regulations suggest this, but it is not said that it must be tested first.

　　If testing must be done first, the capacity of testing must be increased, and the quality control and supervision of testing reagents must be in place. Moreover, the positive detection of nucleic acid must be combined with clinic or IgM antibody to make an accurate diagnosis. Many places in our country can’t do the first test, so there should be a clear procedure on how to diagnose and treat mycoplasma pneumonia.

　　It is necessary to classify diagnosis and treatment to avoid a run on big hospitals.

　　The Paper:According to media reports, the daily average number of patients in Beijing Children’s Hospital far exceeds the hospital’s carrying capacity. What do you think of the overload operation of the hospital?

　　Jin Dongyan:The main cluster epidemics of these four kinds of diseases occur in schools and kindergartens. Keeping an eye on schools and kindergartens can get twice the result with half the effort. Under the current situation, what we should do is to nip in the bud, find out early and take decisive measures when there is a small-scale cluster infection.

　　The risk of hospital overload operation is that increasing the gathering of these sick children in confined spaces will not only increase the risk of transmission, but also make it easier for people who really need treatment to be treated in time, and will also cause panic among the people.

　　The Paper:When do you expect this round of infection to peak?

　　Jin Dongyan:At present, we only see the sequence of pathogen detection rate, but we don’t see more data. We don’t know how big the infection scale is in Beijing, and we don’t know the data compared with the previous period or the past few years, so it is difficult to make an accurate prediction.

　　In fact, there are more than ten other pathogens that cause upper respiratory tract infection or community-acquired pneumonia. The data provided at present only say which ones have been detected, not which ones have not been detected or not. Generally, the proportion of community-acquired pneumonia with unknown causes is 50% or even higher. In winter, we should always be alert to community-acquired pneumonia caused by various reasons, and we should not take it lightly or worry too much.

　　According to the data released by the National Influenza Center, the peak of influenza should not have arrived yet.

　　According to the oral report of Beijing CDC, the number of children seeking medical treatment for mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has dropped from the peak, which may also indicate that this wave of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has entered a downward period.

　　The Paper:Now, what can the public do?

　　Jin Dongyan:We should use common sense. Our child is ill, and the best care is to relieve his symptoms and then observe him closely. If your child’s body doesn’t show warning signs, don’t go to the hospital, because going to the hospital is easy to cause cluster infection, and most of them will be fine. If the illness is serious, or the child has basic diseases such as asthma, then he should go to the hospital as soon as possible.

　　The Paper:What symptoms do you need to go to the hospital in time? Is there a difference between adults and children in the standard of medical treatment?

　　Jin Dongyan:Children with persistent high fever for many days, persistent dyspnea (such as depression of intercostal muscles when breathing), wheezing, purple lips, low blood oxygen concentration, unconsciousness, aversion to water, original asthma and other basic diseases should see a doctor in any of the above cases.

　　Most healthy adults have experienced influenza or other upper respiratory tract infections, and there is little chance of developing pneumonia. Unless you have a basic disease, you need special attention.

　　From the family level, if children are ill, we should pay attention to isolation, especially not to let them contact the elderly, which is best for the elderly. If infected with the elderly, the old people’s original immunity is low, and they may be seriously ill or even life-threatening. The severe mortality rate of the elderly is relatively high, especially in nursing homes.

　　The Paper:At present, some parents take their children to the pediatric hospital, but the pediatric hospital is overloaded and the waiting time for treatment is generally long. When treating children’s respiratory tract infections, can we choose a general hospital with a shorter waiting time, and will there be any difference in treatment effect?

　　Jin Dongyan:It doesn’t make any difference. Because of these pathogens, only mycoplasma can use antibiotics such as azithromycin, and there are no specific drugs for other diseases, which are mainly symptomatic treatment. There are only a few kinds of drugs that doctors can choose.

　　After most infected people have symptoms, they will get better without taking antibiotics. The fever should be reduced, the cough should be stopped, and the allergy should be prevented. If there are any symptoms, symptomatic treatment should be given to alleviate the symptoms, pay attention to rest, and then go to school when you are completely better. The most important thing is not to touch the elderly.

　　The Paper:At present, we know that many community hospitals don’t have pediatrics, or don’t have the ability of initial diagnosis, so parents have to choose general hospitals or top three hospitals. What do you think of this situation?

　　Jin Dongyan:Common upper respiratory tract infection or pneumonia is not an incurable disease, and medical college graduates with medical training can effectively deal with it. It’s not that you have to find a pediatrician to cure it well.

　　The Paper:What is the self-limitation of these four pathogens now?

　　Jin Dongyan:After these four pathogens infect the respiratory tract, most of them are self-limiting and self-healing diseases. People susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus are also children, and adults are already immune, so children and the elderly are the most vulnerable groups. The susceptible population of mycoplasma is also children, especially school-age children, most of whom are infected when they gather at school.

　　The Paper:If there is mixed infection, what are the risks for patients?

　　Jin Dongyan:Mixed infections are rare. According to the data in the literature, only less than 10% of community-acquired pneumonia was found to have mixed infection. It is not easy to know whether it is a clinically significant mixed infection. Because many people are asymptomatic carriers of these pathogens. For example, asymptomatic carriers of mycoplasma pneumoniae are infected with adenovirus and cause pneumonia, but the results of mycoplasma nucleic acid are also positive. Whether it is mixed infection or not, which is the main cause, it is difficult to explain by the test results alone.

　　"Test before treatment" is not necessary.

　　The Paper:Some doctors said in an interview that drugs should be used only after the pathogen is determined. Is this correct?

　　Jin Dongyan:It is too idealistic and advanced to identify the pathogen first and then treat it, and even the most advanced areas in the world can’t do this. A few years ago, some regulations about mycoplasma pneumonia suggested this, but now they have all been returned. Because there are not so many reagents, and diagnosis is as good as no diagnosis. If pneumonia comes up, it is necessary to treat it quickly.

　　Our country can only complete these tests in large hospitals. Ordinary grass-roots hospitals and some large-scale hospitals do not have the ability to carry out routine tests, or they do not have the ability to carry out rapid tests on a large number of patients in a short period of time, and the quality control of most reagents provided now may not pass.

　　Secondly, in many cases, there is no need for pathogen diagnosis. If we insist that all people make pathogen diagnosis before treatment, it may delay the treatment of some critically ill patients.

　　In addition, not only these four pathogens can cause pneumonia now, but also more than a dozen pathogens can cause pneumonia, and there is more than half the chance that the pathogens can not be found at all by using existing means. If you must diagnose it, you may have to wait until he becomes seriously ill or can’t be saved. You can’t do this or wait. At the same time, this practice will cause a run on the resources of large hospitals, because we simply don’t have the ability to complete so many tests.

　　The Paper:From a scientific point of view, what are the specific detection methods for these four types of pathogens?

　　Jin Dongyan:Now basically rely on nucleic acid detection, but our ability of nucleic acid detection is limited, not infinite, and the production of reagents is limited, not infinite. There are many cases where nucleic acid is positive but completely asymptomatic or the symptoms are very mild. As far as mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is concerned, it is more reasonable to take nucleic acid and IgM antibody double positive as diagnostic criteria. According to international norms, outpatients generally do not do pathogen testing, and only inpatients do it.

　　The Paper:Uncertainty about the pathogen, is there a risk in treatment?

　　Jin Dongyan:According to the rules, it is necessary to prescribe antibiotics for trial treatment, and time is the most important thing.

　　Do you have a plan for the flu? No move. Do you have any ideas for other viruses? I didn’t say anything. Antibiotics are not necessary and should not be used for virus infection, but antibiotics should be tried immediately in an emergency when pneumonia occurs and the pathogen diagnosis is still unclear. You can barely use Tamiflu to find out the flu, but can Tamiflu be used frequently now? In fact, Tamiflu is only for people with special needs, and it can only be used at a high price. Not all people with flu have to eat or can eat Tamiflu. Now we can’t even hang up the date, and the monitoring cycle can’t be fast. When we find out the flu or COVID-19, we often miss the best administration time. Of course, if COVID-19 and influenza can be quickly identified or ruled out, it will be very helpful for clinical treatment. However, if we want to detect multiple pathogens separately, it may be time-consuming and laborious, but in the end it will have little effect. Doctors should try antibiotics decisively in combination with clinic and epidemiology, and make timely adjustments according to pathogen diagnosis and other test results.

　　Clinically, it is often more important to distinguish between viral infection and bacterial infection. Recent studies have shown that the level of procalcitonin in blood can be used for this purpose. This is actually more practical than detecting pathogens, and it has more clinical guiding significance. It is better to simply measure procalcitonin than to focus on detecting pathogens. If the level is low enough, antibiotics can be stopped as soon as possible in combination with clinical manifestations.

　　It is necessary to increase the proportion of vaccination for the elderly

　　The Paper:Azithromycin is a specific drug for mycoplasma pneumoniae. Is there any risk if parents give their children azithromycin by themselves?

　　Jin Dongyan:Of course there are risks. This is originally a prescription drug, and the world does not recommend giving antibiotics to children by themselves.

　　In addition, self-medication may delay the illness. For example, if the patient has the flu, the flu has developed to pneumonia, which is more serious. Give him antibiotics, and he will not be able to eat well, and the treatment of the flu will also be delayed.

　　The Paper:What is the efficacy of azithromycin in treating mycoplasma pneumonia? Some patients with mycoplasma pneumonia are resistant to azithromycin, will it affect their rehabilitation?

　　Jin Dongyan:Azithromycin is effective against mycoplasma. However, there are many mycoplasma pneumoniae resistant to azithromycin and other macrolide antibiotics in Asia, so it is not necessarily effective to detect azithromycin mycoplasma. In the final analysis, we should try to cross the river by feeling the stones. In case of azithromycin resistance, other antibiotics, including tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, should be used. However, children under 8 years old should not use tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones can still be used.

　　The most effective gold standard for judging azithromycin drug resistance is to use cultured mycoplasma for detection, but it is difficult and takes a long time. As mentioned above, it can also be used as a reference index according to whether the fever has gone down 48~72 hours after administration.

　　The Paper:Will there be repeated infections with these four pathogens?

　　Jin Dongyan:Could be a different pathogen infection. The first time may be adenovirus, the second time may be influenza, the third time may be Covid-19, and the fourth time may be something else. Unless the child’s own immunity is problematic, it is impossible to be infected with the same pathogen many times in a short period of time.

　　The Paper:Can the infection of four pathogens be prevented?

　　Jin Dongyan:As in COVID-19, keeping social distance, wearing masks as much as possible, washing hands frequently, etc., all return to the basic steps.

　　The Paper:Do these four pathogens have corresponding vaccines? How effective is it?

　　Jin Dongyan:Only the flu has a vaccine, and the other three pathogens have no vaccine. There is respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in the world, mainly for the elderly, but we haven’t approved it yet. Covid-19, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, which may also cause pneumonia, also have vaccines, and the elderly and children should be encouraged to actively vaccinate.

　　Influenza vaccine is quite effective, and the international standard is to give it to the elderly. Over the years, 60% of the elderly in Hong Kong have been vaccinated, and COVID-19 and influenza vaccines for the elderly and children are free or subsidized. The vaccination rate of the elderly in the mainland is low, which should be taken seriously.

Medical Jianghu of original DrX

Ms. Wu is 27 years old. Now she has been pregnant for 6 months, and she is raising a baby at home. On this day, she suddenly wanted to eat bananas, so she took them out of the refrigerator and was about to eat them. It happened that her mother-in-law saw them. Her mother-in-law hurriedly snatched them off and said earnestly, "It is said that bananas are the most radioactive fruit. You are pregnant now, so how can you eat such things casually!"

Ms. Wu is puzzled. How can a good banana become the most radioactive fruit? Can bananas still be eaten safely?

Eating 200 bananas is equivalent to taking a chest X-ray?

Bananas do have radiation, and radiation is mainly related to potassium. Among all fruits, banana is rich in potassium, especially potassium -40, which makes banana the most radioactive fruit.

Being radioactive does not mean that it will cause cancer. Many people will panic when they hear "radiation", which is totally unnecessary. Because any behavior that talks about toxicity regardless of dose is hooliganism, the additional ionizing radiation dose of a banana is about 0.078μSv, which means that eating 80,000 bananas in a row is equivalent to taking a chest X-ray. The so-called "eating 200 bananas is equivalent to taking a chest X-ray" is nonsense.

It is even more difficult to reach the fatal level, which means eating at least 25 million bananas at one time, which is impossible even if you think about it.

Bananas with black spots are poisonous and cannot be eaten?

There are rumors that bananas with dark spots are poisonous and can’t be eaten. People will be poisoned if they eat them.

In fact, there are two reasons why bananas have black spots. First, banana will have fungal diseases after being infected with Colletotrichum spinosum, which means that there will be black spots on the epidermis. Although it is a germ infection, it sounds terrible, but there is no need to worry too much, because this germ is isolated from human beings, even if it enters the human body, it will not affect health.

Another reason is that the skin of banana will be damaged by external force or low temperature, which will lead to oxidation reaction after exposure to oxygen, and finally black spots will appear on the skin.

These two conditions are normal, and some black spots are the manifestations of diseases. For example, banana anthracnose, scab, crown rot and banana rot will make bananas grow black spots.

However, it should be noted that these microbial diseases are only aimed at bananas, and even diseased bananas are still safe for human beings. As long as the pulp is good, you can eat it safely. If the pulp changes color with the epidermis, it is best not to eat it.

Bananas are not easy to grow black spots when stored like this.

① Eat and buy now.

Everything is the same. According to the principle of moderation, you can buy as much as you want to keep it fresh, especially bananas. It is best to eat them in two days.

(2) wrap the roots of bananas.

The basic substance that causes banana skin to turn black is ethylene. The more mature bananas are, the more ethylene will be released. Therefore, controlling the ethylene around bananas can delay the ripening speed of bananas. Most of the ethylene comes from the roots of bananas, so wrapping the roots of bananas can delay the ripening process of bananas, thus prolonging the preservation time.

③ Storage at room temperature

Studies have shown that the best storage temperature for bananas is around 13℃. Therefore, compared with storage in the refrigerator, room temperature is more suitable for banana storage, and bananas will ripen more slowly and are less likely to turn black.

(4) hang bananas.

You may also find that some supermarkets have special shelves for hanging bananas when you visit them. The reason why supermarkets choose to hang bananas is not because they look better, but because the hung bananas are better ventilated, which can make ethylene flow faster and delay the ripening of bananas.

Bananas are not only delicious, but also rich in nutrients. Besides basic energy-supplying nutrients, they are also rich in vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid. However, it should be noted that bananas are not low in calories and belong to "high potassium fruits", so people with renal insufficiency, acute and chronic nephritis should not eat too much. In addition, the sugar index of cooked bananas is high, so diabetics should eat as little as possible.

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